稼

稼	U+7A3C, 稼 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A3C

Translingual

Han character

稼 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹木十一人 (HDJMO), four-corner 2393₂, composition ⿰禾家)

sow grain
sheaves of grain

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 857, character 30
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25217
Dae Jaweon: page 1283, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2626, character 8
Unihan data for U+7A3C

Chinese

simp. and trad.		稼

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (家) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
家	*kraː
傢	*kraː
幏	kraː, kraːs
稼	*kraːs
嫁	*kraːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːs) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 家 (OC *kraː).

Etymology

Compare Proto-Tai *klaːꟲ (“seedling; rice”), Proto-Kam-Sui *kla³ (“rice seedling”), though the medials do not agree (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jià (jia⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa³
Jin (Wiktionary): jia³
Eastern Min (BUC): gá
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ga⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kà / kèe

(Teochew, Peng'im): gê³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jià
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jià
  - Wade–Giles: chia⁴
  - Yale: jyà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiah
  - Palladius: цзя (czja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gaa³
  - Yale: ga
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaa³
  - Guangdong Romanization: ga³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaː³³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: jia³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕia⁴⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gá
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑ²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ga⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kà
  - Tâi-lô: kà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kax
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ka⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ka²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèe
  - Tâi-lô: kèe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gê³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kè
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ke²¹³/

Middle Chinese: kaeH

Rime
Character	稼
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古訝切
Baxter	kaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠa^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ka^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/ka^H/
Wang Li	/ka^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ka^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaa³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤra-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kraːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	稼
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jià
Middle Chinese	‹ kæ^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁra-s/
English	grain; sow (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	稼
Reading #	1/1
No.	5922
Phonetic component	家
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	駕
Old Chinese	/*kraːs/

Definitions

稼

to sow; to plant; to cultivate
- 不稼不穡，胡取禾三百廛兮？ [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  不稼不穑，胡取禾三百廛兮？ [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Bù jià bù sè, hú qǔ hé sānbǎi chán xī? [Pinyin]
  You sow not nor reap; -
  How do you get the produce of those three hundred farms?
grain; cereal; crop

Compounds

References

“稼”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “稼”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 103.

Japanese

Kanji

稼

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: け (ke)
Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
Kun: かせぐ (kasegu, 稼ぐ, Jōyō)、みのり (minori, 稼り)、うえる (ueru, 稼える)

Compounds

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 稼 (MC kaeH). Recorded as Middle Korean 가〯 (kǎ) (Yale: kǎ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠]
Phonetic hangul: [가]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

稼

Wikisource

稼 (eumhun 심을 가 (simeul ga))

hanja form^? of 가 (“work”)

Compounds

가동 (稼動, gadong)
가행 (稼行, gahaeng)
가득 (稼得, gadeuk)
가동률 (稼動率, gadongnyul)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Tày

Noun

稼 (transliteration needed)

Nôm form of chả (“rice seedlings”).

References

Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎^[3] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

Vietnamese

Han character

稼: Hán Nôm readings: giá, cấy

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