生成

Chinese

		to be born; to give birth; life to be born; to give birth; life; to grow; student; raw	finish; complete; accomplish finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into; win; succeed; one tenth
simp. and trad. (生成)		生	成

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shēngchéng

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄥㄔㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sang¹ sing⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sâng-sàng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): siⁿ-sêng / seⁿ-sêng / seng-sêng / seⁿ-chiâⁿ / siⁿ-chiâⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): sên¹ sêng⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shēngchéng
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄥㄔㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shengchéng
  - Wade–Giles: shêng¹-chʻêng²
  - Yale: shēng-chéng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shengcherng
  - Palladius: шэнчэн (šɛnčɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: sang¹ sing⁴
  - Yale: sāng sìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sang¹ sing⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: seng¹ xing⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sâng-sàng
  - Hakka Romanization System: sang^ˊ sang^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sang¹ sang²
  - Sinological IPA: /saŋ²⁴ saŋ¹¹/

Note: to be born with.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siⁿ-sêng
  - Tâi-lô: sinn-sîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sviseeng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sĩ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /sĩ³³ siɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: seⁿ-sêng
  - Tâi-lô: senn-sîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sveseeng
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: seng-sêng
  - Tâi-lô: sing-sîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sengseeng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: seⁿ-chiâⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: senn-tsiânn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svecviaa
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siã²³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siⁿ-chiâⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: sinn-tsiânn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svicviaa
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siã²⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siã²⁴/

Note: siⁿ-sêng/seⁿ-sêng - to be born with.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: sên¹ sêng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: seⁿ sêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sẽ³³⁻²³ seŋ⁵⁵/

Verb

生成

to form; to be formed; to come into being; to generate; to produce
生成尿液 ― shēngchéng niàoyè ― to produce urine
to be born with; to be gifted with

Synonyms

(to form):

edit

催生 (cuīshēng) (figurative)
出世 (chūshì)
問世／问世 (wènshì)
形成 (xíngchéng)
現世／现世 (xiànshì)
產生／产生 (chǎnshēng)
登臺／登台 (dēngtái) (figurative)
行世 (xíngshì) (literary)
誕生／诞生 (dànshēng)
長成／长成 (zhǎngchéng) (literary)
面世 (miànshì)

(to be born with): 生就 (shēngjiù)

Derived terms

生成函數／生成函数 (shēngchéng hánshù)
生成式 (shēngchéngshì)
血糖生成指數／血糖生成指数 (xuètáng shēngchéng zhǐshù)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (生成):

→ Japanese: 生成(せいせい) (seisei)
→ Korean: 생성(生成) (saengseong)
→ Vietnamese: sinh thành (生成)

Adverb

生成

(Zhangzhou Hokkien) anyway; in any case; whatever happens

Synonyms

edit

不管怎樣／不管怎样 (bùguǎnzěnyàng)
不管怎麼樣／不管怎么样 (bùguǎn zěnmeyàng)
反正
好歹 (hǎodǎi)
好賴／好赖 (hǎolài)
橫直／横直 (héngzhí) (dialectal)
橫豎／横竖 (héngshù)
橫豎橫／横竖横 (Northern Wu)
死活 (sǐhuó)
無論如何／无论如何 (wúlùnrúhé)
生死 (sen¹ si³) (Sichuanese)
紅黑／红黑 (hong² he²) (Sichuanese)
總之／总之 (zǒngzhī)
長短／长短 (chángduǎn) (literary)

Dialectal synonyms of 反正 (“anyway”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		長短
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		反正, 不管怎樣, 無論如何
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	反正, 橫豎, 橫直
	Taiwan	反正, 橫豎
	Singapore	反正
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	反正, 橫豎
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	反正
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	橫順, 橫豎, 左橫, 紅黑, 高矮, 生死
	Wuhan	橫直
	Guiyang	千急
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	反正
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	反正, 橫豎
Cantonese	Guangzhou	橫掂
	Hong Kong	橫掂, 反正
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	橫掂
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	橫掂
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	橫掂
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	橫掂
	Macau	橫掂
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	橫掂
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	橫掂
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	橫掂
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	反正
	Foshan	橫掂
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	橫掂
	Foshan (Shunde)	橫掂
	Foshan (Sanshui)	橫掂
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	左右
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	橫掂
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	橫掂
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	橫掂
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	橫掂
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	橫掂
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	橫掂
	Taishan	橫掂
	Kaiping (Chikan)	橫掂
	Enping (Niujiang)	橫掂
	Heshan (Yayao)	橫掂
	Dongguan	橫掂
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	反正
	Yangjiang	橫掂
	Nanning	橫直
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	橫掂
Gan	Nanchang	橫直
Hakka	Meixian	贏輸, 橫直, 橫正, 反正
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	橫掂
	Huiyang	橫掂
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	橫掂
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	反正
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	反正
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	反正
	Liannan	反正
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	橫掂, 反正
	Jiexi	反正
	Changting	橫直
	Ninghua	反正
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	反正
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	反正
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	反正
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	反正
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	反正
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	橫直
	Hong Kong	橫掂
	Luchuan	反正
	Senai (Huiyang)	反正
Jin	Taiyuan	反正, 橫豎
Northern Min	Jian'ou	橫直
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	橫直, 好呆
Southern Min	Xiamen	橫直
	Quanzhou	橫直
	Yongchun	橫直
	Zhangzhou	橫直, 生成
	Dongshan	橫直
	Tainan	橫直
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	反正
	Shantou	長短, 反正, 橫直
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	正倒
	Jieyang	長短, 正倒
	Puning	反正, 正倒
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	反正
	Leizhou	橫直
Puxian Min	Putian	橫直
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	橫直
	Xianyou	反正, 橫直
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	橫掂
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	橫直
Wu	Shanghai	橫豎, 反正
	Suzhou	橫豎, 橫道
	Wenzhou	橫直, 到老
Xiang	Changsha	橫直, 橫去
Xiang	Shuangfeng	橫直, 紅黑

Noun

生成

(Jinjiang Hokkien) looks; features; appearance

Synonyms

edit

人才 (réncái)
儀容／仪容 (yíróng) (of a person)
儀表／仪表 (yíbiǎo) (of a person)
外形 (wàixíng)
外相 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
外範／外范 (Xiamen Hokkien)
外表 (wàibiǎo)
外觀／外观 (wàiguān)
外貌 (wàimào)
姿容 (zīróng)
容貌 (róngmào, “facial features”)
容顏／容颜 (róngyán, “facial features”)
尊容 (zūnróng) (ironic or honorific, of a person)
尪仔頭／尪仔头 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
形容 (xíngróng, “facial appearance”) (literary)
形貌 (xíngmào)
樣子／样子 (yàngzi)
模樣／模样 (of a person)
樣貌／样貌 (yàngmào)
相貌 (xiàngmào) (of a person)
瞻視／瞻视 (zhānshì) (literary)
稿 (gǎo) (literary, or in compounds)
觀瞻／观瞻 (guānzhān)
貌相 (màoxiàng) (of a person)
賣相／卖相 (màixiàng) (originally Wu)
長相／长相 (zhǎngxiàng) (of a person)
面容 (miànróng, “facial features”)
面容仔 (“facial features”) (Hakka)
面水 (Hokkien)
面貌 (miànmào)
顏容／颜容 (yánróng, “facial features”)
體面／体面 (tǐmiàn)

Dialectal synonyms of 相貌 (“person's looks or appearance”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		相貌, 長相
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	長相兒
	Taiwan	相貌, 長相
	Singapore	樣貌
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	相貌
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	相貌
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	相貌
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	相貌
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	相貌
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	相貌
Southern Min	Xiamen	生做
	Quanzhou	生做
	Jinjiang	生成
	Zhangzhou	生做

Japanese

Kanji in this term
生	成
せい Grade: 1	せい Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) せーせー [sèéséé] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [se̞ːse̞ː]

Noun

生(せい)成(せい) • (seisei)

generation, formation

Derived terms

自(じ)動(どう)生(せい)成(せい) (jidō seisei)
生(せい)成(せい)Ａ(エー)Ｉ(アイ) (seisei ēai)

Verb

生(せい)成(せい)する • (seisei suru) suru (stem 生(せい)成(せい)し (seisei shi), past 生(せい)成(せい)した (seisei shita))

to create, to form

Conjugation

Conjugation of "生成する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	生成し	せいせいし	seisei shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	生成し	せいせいし	seisei shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	生成する	せいせいする	seisei suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	生成する	せいせいする	seisei suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	生成すれ	せいせいすれ	seisei sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	生成せよ¹ 生成しろ²	せいせいせよ¹ せいせいしろ²	seisei seyo¹ seisei shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	生成される	せいせいされる	seisei sareru
Causative	生成させる生成さす	せいせいさせるせいせいさす	seisei saseru seisei sasu
Potential	生成できる	せいせいできる	seisei dekiru
Volitional	生成しよう	せいせいしよう	seisei shiyō
Negative	生成しない	せいせいしない	seisei shinai
Negative continuative	生成せず	せいせいせず	seisei sezu
Formal	生成します	せいせいします	seisei shimasu
Perfective	生成した	せいせいした	seisei shita
Conjunctive	生成して	せいせいして	seisei shite
Hypothetical conditional	生成すれば	せいせいすれば	seisei sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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