方針

See also: 方针

Chinese

		square; quadrilateral; place square; quadrilateral; place; region; direction; side; method; way; prescription; power; upright; just	needle; pin; injection
trad. (方針/方鍼)		方	針/鍼
simp. (方针)		方	针

Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 方(ほう)針(しん) (hōshin).^[1]

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fāngzhēn

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄤㄓㄣ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fong¹ zam¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fông-chṳ̂m
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hong-cham / hong-chiam

(Teochew, Peng'im): huang¹ zam¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fāngzhēn
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄤㄓㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fangjhen
  - Wade–Giles: fang¹-chên¹
  - Yale: fāng-jēn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fangjen
  - Palladius: фанчжэнь (fančžɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fong¹ zam¹
  - Yale: fōng jām
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fong¹ dzam¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fong¹ zem¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐm⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fông-chṳ̂m
  - Hakka Romanization System: fong^ˊ ziim^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fong¹ zim¹
  - Sinological IPA: /foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨm²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-cham
  - Tâi-lô: hong-tsam
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hongzafm
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³ t͡sam³³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-chiam
  - Tâi-lô: hong-tsiam
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hongciafm
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siam⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siam⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huang¹ zam¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huang tsam
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sam³³/

Noun

方針

policy (principle of behaviour expressed by a government or other authoritative body); guiding principle (Classifier: 個／个 m; 項／项 m)
經營方針／经营方针 ― jīngyíng fāngzhēn ― management policy

Synonyms

edit

政策 (zhèngcè)
方略 (fānglüè)
決策／决策 (juécè)

Derived terms

方針政策／方针政策 (fāngzhēn zhèngcè)

References

^ 刘正埮, 高名凯, 麦永乾, 史有为, editors (1984), 汉语外来词词典 [A Dictionary of Loan Words and Hybrid Words in Chinese] (in Chinese), Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, →OCLC, page 98

Japanese

Kanji in this term
方	針
ほう Grade: 2	しん Grade: 6
on'yomi

方針 on Japanese Wikipedia

Etymology

方 (“direction”) +‎ 針 (“needle”), another name for the 磁針 (jishin, “magnetic needle”), with the meaning figuratively extending to "guidance" in general.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ほーしん [hòóshíń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [ho̞ːɕĩɴ]

Noun

方(ほう)針(しん) • (hōshin) ^{←はうしん (fausin)^?}

Synonym of 磁針 (jishin, “magnetic needle”)
policy, course, plan
どのような方(ほう)針(しん)によるものなのですか？
Dono yō na hōshin ni yoru mono na no desu ka?
According to what plan has it been carried out?

Derived terms

施(し)政(せい)方(ほう)針(しん) (shisei hōshin)

Descendants

→ Chinese: 方針／方针 (fāngzhēn)^[5]
→ Korean: 방침(方針) (bangchim)
→ Vietnamese: phương châm

References

^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ 刘正埮, 高名凯, 麦永乾, 史有为, editors (1984), 汉语外来词词典 [A Dictionary of Loan Words and Hybrid Words in Chinese] (in Chinese), Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, →OCLC, page 98

Korean

Hanja in this term
方	針

Noun

方針 • (bangchim) (hangeul 방침)

hanja form^? of 방침

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
方	針

Noun

方針

chữ Hán form of phương châm (“the main spirit or essence of a policy”).

[1] 刘正埮, 高名凯, 麦永乾, 史有为, editors (1984), 汉语外来词词典 [A Dictionary of Loan Words and Hybrid Words in Chinese] (in Chinese), Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, →OCLC, page 98

[ZAJ-2] Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

[SMK7-3] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-4] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-5] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[6] 刘正埮, 高名凯, 麦永乾, 史有为, editors (1984), 汉语外来词词典 [A Dictionary of Loan Words and Hybrid Words in Chinese] (in Chinese), Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, →OCLC, page 98

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]