忠信

Chinese

		loyal	letter; true; to believe letter; true; to believe; sign; evidence
simp. and trad. (忠信)		忠	信

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhōngxìn

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥㄒㄧㄣˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zung¹ seon³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chûng-sin
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiong-sìn

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhōngxìn
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥㄒㄧㄣˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhongsìn
  - Wade–Giles: chung¹-hsin⁴
  - Yale: jūng-syìn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jongshinn
  - Palladius: чжунсинь (čžunsinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zung¹ seon³
  - Yale: jūng seun
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ soen³
  - Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ sên³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɵn³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chûng-sin
  - Hakka Romanization System: zung^ˊ xin
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zung¹ xin⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sin⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiong-sìn
  - Tâi-lô: tiong-sìn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diongsixn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ sin⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²¹/

Middle Chinese: trjuwng sinH

Rime
Character	忠	信
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	陟弓切	息晉切
Baxter	trjuwng	sinH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨuŋ/	/siɪn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈiuŋ/	/sin^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiuŋ/	/sjen^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuwŋ/	/sin^H/
Li Rong	/ȶiuŋ/	/siĕn^H/
Wang Li	/ȶĭuŋ/	/sĭĕn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȶi̯uŋ/	/si̯ĕn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōng	xìn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung¹	san³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ s-ni[ŋ]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ hljins/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	忠	信
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhōng	xìn
Middle Chinese	‹ trjuwng ›	‹ sin^H ›
Old Chinese	/*truŋ/	/*s-ni[ŋ]-s/
English	loyal	truthful
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	忠	信
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	17408	13849
Phonetic component	中	信
Rime group	終	眞
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	中	信
Old Chinese	/*tuŋ/	/*hljins/
Notes		金文或從人從口，本指操信符傳言之信使，故表可信，或從言身聲

Adjective

忠信

faithful and honest; loyal and sincere
- 君子進德脩業，忠信所以進德也。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  君子进德修业，忠信所以进德也。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: I Ching, 11^th – 8^th century BCE
  Jūnzǐ jìndé xiūyè, zhōngxìn suǒyǐ jìndé yě. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 孝敬忠信為吉德，盜賊藏姦為凶德。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  孝敬忠信为吉德，盗贼藏奸为凶德。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Xiàojìng zhōngxìn wéi jídé, dàozéi cángjiān wéi xiōngdé. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 人之行己，莫大於孝悌忠信。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]
  From: 《朝鮮王朝實錄》 (Joseon Veritable Records), 1407
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 及其暇日，申之以孝悌忠信，使國人知親上死長之義。 [Vietnamese Literary Sinitic, trad.]
  From: 1469, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Peripheral Records volume 4, in 孫曉 (Sun Xiao), chief editor, 《標點校勘本大越史記全書》, →ISBN, page 94
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

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