до-

From Proto-Slavic *do.

• IPA^(key): [dɔ-]

• Audio:

  (file)

до- • (do-)

1. (used with verbs) up to, until, ad-
2. (used with verbs) completely, fully (describing a completion of an action to its end)

• до (do)

• -од (-od), до (do)

From Proto-Slavic *do.

до- • (do-)

1. (used with verbs) up to

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎-ити (-iti, “to go”) → ‎доити (doiti, “to go up to, to reach”)

2. (used with verbs) completely (describing a completion of an action to its end)
3. (used with adjectives and nouns) pre-, ante- (earlier in time)

• до (do)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do.

• IPA^(key): [də]
• IPA^(key): [ˈdo] (when stressed)

до- • (do-)

1. (used with verbs) up to

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎-йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → ‎дойти́ (dojtí, “to go up to, to reach”)

2. (used with verbs) completely (describing a completion of an action to its end)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎чита́ть (čitátʹ, “to read”) → ‎дочита́ть (dočitátʹ, “to finish reading”)

3. (used with adjectives and nouns) pre-, ante- (earlier in time)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎истори́ческий (istoríčeskij, “historic”) → ‎доистори́ческий (doistoríčeskij, “prehistoric”)

• The stressed variant is found in the following situations:
  1. the past participle of verbs with a one-syllable root ending in -ать: e.g. до́сланный (dóslannyj) from досла́ть (doslátʹ), до́рванный (dórvannyj) from дорва́ть (dorvátʹ);
  2. the past tense of some verbs with a one-syllable root: e.g. до́лил, доли́л (dólil, dolíl, masculine singular past tense) from доли́ть (dolítʹ, “to fill by pouring, to pour more”);
  3. some deverbal nouns: e.g. до́говор (dógovor, “contract, agreement, treaty”) from договори́ться (dogovorítʹsja, “to agree”), до́мысел (dómysel, “guesswork, speculation”) from домы́слить (domýslitʹ), до́пуск (dópusk, “access, admittance”) from допуска́ть (dopuskátʹ, “to admit”);
  4. some adverbs: e.g. до́низу (dónizu, “to the bottom”), до́чиста (dóčista, “until spotless”).

• до (do)

• ді- (di-) (used in certain closed syllables)

Inherited from Old Ruthenian до- (do-), from Old East Slavic до- (do-), from Proto-Slavic *do.

• IPA^(key): [dɔ]

• Audio:

  (file)

до- • (do-)

1. (added to verbs) to, up to, until (indicates reaching a certain (often implied) point in space or time)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎бі́гти impf (bíhty, “to run”) → ‎добі́гти pf (dobíhty, “to run (to; as far as), to get to, to reach”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎чека́ти impf (čekáty, “to wait”) → ‎дочека́ти pf (dočekáty, “to wait until”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎рости́ impf (rostý, “to grow”) → ‎дорости́ pf (dorostý, “to grow (to; as tall/high as), to reach (height, age, amount, etc.), to be old enough for/to”)

2. (added to verbs; usually combined with -ся (-sja)) indicates reaching a specific goal or result

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎би́тися impf (býtysja, “to fight”) → ‎доби́тися pf (dobýtysja, “to achieve, to attain, to gain”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎вести́ impf (vestý, “to lead, to take”) → ‎довести́ pf (dovestý, “to prove, to evidence”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎мо́вити impf (móvyty, “to say”) + ‎-ся (-sja) → ‎домо́витися pf (domóvytysja, “to agree on, to come to an agreement”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎працюва́ти impf (pracjuváty, “to work”) + ‎-ся (-sja) → ‎допрацюва́тися pf (dopracjuvátysja, “to get promoted to, to work yourself into (grave, nervous breakdown, etc.)”)

3. (added to verbs) indicates completion

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎роби́ти impf (robýty, “to do, to make, to work”) → ‎дороби́ти pf (dorobýty, “to finish doing, to finish working, to complete”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎би́ти impf (býty, “to hit, to strike”) → ‎доби́ти pf (dobýty, “to finish off, to kill off, to finish”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎гра́ти impf (hráty, “to play”) → ‎догра́ти pf (dohráty, “to finish playing, to be done playing”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎ї́сти impf (jísty, “to eat”) → ‎дої́сти pf (dojísty, “to finish (meal), to eat (up)”)

4. (added to verbs) indicates addition or furthering a previous process

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎да́ти impf (dáty, “to give”) → ‎дода́ти pf (dodáty, “to add”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎писа́ти impf (pysáty, “to write”) → ‎дописа́ти pf (dopysáty, “to add (by writing)”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎міша́ти impf (mišáty, “to mix”) → ‎доміша́ти pf (domišáty, “to admix, to add (by mixing in)”)

5. (added to nouns and adjectives) pre-, ante- (prior to in time)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎істо́рія f (istórija, “to history”) → ‎доісто́рія f (doistórija, “prehistory”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎пото́п m (potóp, “flood, deluge”) + ‎-ний (-nyj) → ‎допото́пний (dopotópnyj, “antediluvian”)

   ‎до- (do-) + ‎індустріа́льний (industriálʹnyj, “industrial”) → ‎доіндустріа́льний (doindustriálʹnyj, “preindustrial”)