由

Translingual

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 757, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21724
Dae Jaweon: page 1167, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2524, character 2
Unihan data for U+7531

Chinese

simp. and trad.		由

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 由
Western Zhou
Bronze inscriptions

Characters in the same phonetic series (由) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
袖	*ljɯwɢs
岫	*ljɯwɢs
牰	ljɯwɢs, lɯwɢs
抽	*l̥ʰɯw
妯	l̥ʰɯw, l'ɯwɢ
紬	*l'ɯw
怞	*l'ɯw
鮋	l'ɯw, ɦljɯw, *lɯw
菗	*rlɯw
宙	*l'ɯwɢs
胄	*l'ɯwɢs
冑	*l'ɯwɢs
伷	*l'ɯwɢs
駎	*l'ɯwɢs
油	lɯw, lɯwɢs
由	*lɯw
蚰	*lɯw
秞	*lɯw
邮	*lɯw
釉	*lɯwɢs
柚	lɯwɢs, l'ɯwɢ
鼬	*lɯwɢs
苖	l'ɯːwɢ, l̥ʰɯwɢ
笛	*l'ɯːwɢ
迪	*l'ɯːwɢ
頔	*l'ɯːwɢ
軸	*l'ɯwɢ
舳	*l'ɯwɢ

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yóu (you²)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄡˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jau⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yù
Northern Min (KCR): iǔ
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): iû

(Teochew, Peng'im): iu⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yóu
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yóu
  - Wade–Giles: yu²
  - Yale: yóu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: you
  - Palladius: ю (ju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jau⁴
  - Yale: yàuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yeo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
  - Hakka Romanization System: iu^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu²
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯u¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iǔ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iû
  - Tâi-lô: iû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iuu
  - IPA (Xiamen): /iu²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iu²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /iu²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: iu⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iû
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu⁵⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 由
Mandarin	Beijing	/iou³⁵/
	Harbin	/iou²⁴/
	Tianjin	/iou⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iou⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iou⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/iou⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iou²⁴/
	Xining	/iɯ²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/iəu⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/iou⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/iɤu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/iəu²¹³/
	Chengdu	/iəu³¹/
	Guiyang	/iəu²¹/
	Kunming	/iəu³¹/
	Nanjing	/iəɯ²⁴/
	Hefei	/iɯ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/iəu¹³/
	Hohhot	/iəu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦiɤ²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɤ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiø²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/jau³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/iu⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/iu⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/iəu¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iəɯ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/i⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/iu¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐu²¹/
	Nanning	/jɐu²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jɐu²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/iu³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ieu⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/iu²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/iu⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ziu³¹/

Middle Chinese: yuw

Rime
Character	由
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以周切
Baxter	yuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/jiu/
Shao Rongfen	/iəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juw/
Li Rong	/iu/
Wang Li	/jĭəu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yóu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*l[u]/

(Zhengzhang): /*lɯw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	由
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yóu
Middle Chinese	‹ yuw ›
Old Chinese	/*l[u]/
English	follow; from
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	由
Reading #	1/1
No.	15526
Phonetic component	由
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	猷
Old Chinese	/*lɯw/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 由

cause; reason
from

References

(Hakka) Lau, Chun-fat. Hakka Pinyin Dictionary (Chinese). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1997 (Chinese IME supplement) →ISBN.
(Min Nan) “Entry #1856”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

Compounds

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Japanese

Kanji

由

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

cause, reason
from, arising from

Readings

Go-on: ゆ (yu, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)^{←いう (iu, historical)}
Kan’yō-on: ゆい (yui, Jōyō ^†)
Kun: よし (yoshi, 由, Jōyō)、よる (yoru, 由る)、より (yori, 由り)

Compounds

自由(じゆう) (jiyū): freedom
自由度(じゆうど) (jiyūdo): flexibility

Korean

Hanja

由 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 由 (do, dô, ro, sân)

(deprecated template usage) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

由

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

Descendants

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Pronunciation

Definitions

References

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

Vietnamese

Han character