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{{Short description|Consists of the arm, forearm, and hand}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Upper limb
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| Lymph =
}}
The '''upper [[Limb (anatomy)|limb]]s''' or '''upper
| title = Upper Extremity
| publisher = [[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]]
| url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Upper+Extremity&field=entry#TreeA01.378.800
|
}}</ref> In [[human]]s, each upper limb is divided into the [[shoulder]], [[arm]], [[elbow]], [[forearm]], [[wrist]] and [[hand]],<ref>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/upper-extremity-anatomy</ref> and is primarily used for [[climbing]], [[manual handling of loads|lifting]] and [[dexterity|manipulating]] objects. In [[anatomy]], just as [[arm]] refers to the [[upper arm]], [[leg]] refers to the [[lower leg]].
==Definition==
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| publisher = MeSH
| url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=ARM
|
}}</ref>
==Structure==
In the [[Human body#
===Musculoskeletal system===
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:; Posterior: [[Supraspinatus]], [[infraspinatus]], [[teres minor]], [[subscapularis]], [[deltoideus]], [[latissimus dorsi]], [[teres major]]
:; Anterior: [[Pectoralis major]], [[coracobrachialis]]
====Bones of upper limb====
The bones forming the human upper limb are
* Clavicle
* Scapula
* Humerus
* Radius
* Ulna
* Carpal bones
** Scaphoid
** Lunate
** Triquetral
** Pisiform
** Trapezium
** Trapezoid
** Capitate
** Hamate
* 5 Metacarpal bones
* 14 Phalanges
[[File:Upper Limb Bones with articular cartilage.svg|thumb|Upper limb bones with articular cartilage]]
====Arm====
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The [[wrist]] ({{lang-la|carpus}}),<ref name="Thieme-Atlas-208" /> composed of the [[carpal bones]], articulates at the wrist joint (or [[radiocarpal joint]]) proximally and the [[carpometacarpal joint]] distally. The wrist can be divided into two components separated by the [[midcarpal joint]]s. The small movements of the eight carpal bones during composite movements at the wrist are complex to describe, but flexion mainly occurs in the midcarpal joint whilst extension mainly occurs in the radiocarpal joint; the latter joint also providing most of adduction and abduction at the wrist.
<ref name="Sellers-8">{{harvnb|Sellers|2002| pp=8–9}}</ref>
[[File:3D Medical Animation Human Wrist.jpg|alt=3D Medical Animation still shot of Human Wrist|thumb|228x228px|3D
How muscles act on the wrist is complex to describe. The five muscles acting on the wrist directly — [[flexor carpi radialis]], [[flexor carpi ulnaris]], [[extensor carpi radialis longus muscle|extensor carpi radialis]], [[extensor carpi ulnaris]], and [[palmaris longus]] — are accompanied by the tendons of the extrinsic hand muscles (i.e. the muscles acting on the fingers). Thus, every movement at the wrist is the work of a group of muscles; because the four primary wrist muscles (FCR, FCU, ECR, and ECU) are attached to the four corners of the wrist, they also produce a secondary movement (i.e. ulnar or radial deviation). To produce pure flexion or extension at the wrist, these muscle therefore must act in pairs to cancel out each other's secondary action. On the other hand, finger movements without the corresponding wrist movements require the wrist muscles to cancel out the contribution from the extrinsic hand muscles at the wrist.
<ref name="Sellers-8" />
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* The [[median nerve]] innervates all the muscles of the [[anterior compartment of the forearm]] except [[flexor carpi ulnaris]] and the ulnar part of the [[flexor digitorum profundus]]. It also innervates the three [[thenar]] muscles and the first and second [[Lumbricals of the hand|lumbricals]].
* The [[ulnar nerve]] innervates the muscles of the forearm and hand not innervated by the median nerve.
* The [[
* The [[radial nerve]] innervates the posterior muscles of the arm and forearm
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* [[Median antebrachial vein]]
* [[Dorsal venous arch]]
As for the upper limb blood supply, there are many anatomical variations.<ref>[https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/4643 Konarik M, Musil V, Baca V, Kachlik D. Upper limb principal arteries variations: A cadaveric study with terminological implication. Bosn J of Basic Med Sci. 2020;20(4):502-13.] DOI: https://doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2020.4643 PMID 32343941 PMCID: PMC7664784</ref>
==Other animals==
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<ref name="Gough-Palmer-etal" />
The [[arboreal]] [[two-toed sloth]], a [[South America]]n mammal in the order [[
<ref name="Gough-Palmer-etal" />
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==See also==
* [[Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism]]
* [[Human leg#Structure|Lower limb]]
==Notes==
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==References==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |
| last2 = Maclachlan | first2 = Jody
| last3 = Routh | first3 = Andrew
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| doi = 10.1148/rg.282075061 | url = http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/28/2/501.full.pdf | pmid=18349453
}}
* {{cite book |
| editor2-last = Lamperti | editor2-first = Edward D
| title = Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System
| publisher = Thieme | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-58890-419-9
}}
* {{cite web |
| title = Functional Anatomy of the Upper Limb | year = 2002
| url = http://mac-huwis.lut.ac.uk/~wis/lectures/ |
}}
* {{cite book |
| title = [[USMLE Step 1]] Anatomy Notes
| publisher = Kaplan Medical | year = 2002
| |||