Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), also known as TRANCE receptor or TNFRSF11A, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) molecular sub-family. RANK is the receptor for RANK-Ligand (RANKL) and part of the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling pathway that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. It is associated with bone remodeling and repair, immune cell function, lymph node development, thermal regulation, and mammary gland development. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a decoy receptor for RANKL, and regulates the stimulation of the RANK signaling pathway by competing for RANKL. The cytoplasmic domain of RANK binds TRAFs 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 which transmit signals to downstream targets such as NF-κB and JNK.
RANK is constitutively expressed in skeletal muscle, thymus, liver, colon, small intestine, adrenal gland, osteoclast, mammary gland epithelial cells, prostate, vascular cell,[5] and pancreas. Most commonly, activation of NF-κB is mediated by RANKL, but over-expression of RANK alone is sufficient to activate the NF-κB pathway.[6]
RANKL (receptor activator for nuclear factor κ B ligand) is found on the surface of stromal cells, osteoblasts, and T cells.[7][8][9]
Structure
RANK is a 616 amino acid type I transmembrane protein. Its extracellular domain consists of 184 amino acids, its transmembrane domain has 21 amino acids, and its cytoplasmic domain consists of 383 amino acids.[10] Like other members of the TNFR family, it has four extracellular cysteine-rich pseudo-repeat domains (CRDs). It shares 40% amino acid identity with CD40. RANK is encoded on human chromosome 18q22.1. It shows 85% homology between mouse and human homologues.[6]
There are two monomers of RANK related by noncrystallographic 2-fold symmetry perpendicular to the long axis of the molecules in the asymmetric unit. RANK contains four CRDs spanning a length of 100 Angstroms which makes it the longest member of the TNFR family to date.[11]
The binding of RANKL to RANK trimerizes the receptor and activates a signaling pathway. The RANK-RANKL complex forms a heterohexameric complex. Only two of the four RANK CRDs are in direct contact with the RANKL. The majority of the complex’s residues are hydrophilic. Unlike other members of the TNFSF, each surface interaction in RANK-RANKL is continuous.[11]
Function
Osteoclastogenesis
TRAF6 has been shown to be imperative to the RANK-related osteoclastogenesis pathway.[12] RANKL binds to RANK, which then binds to TRAF6. TRAF6 stimulates the activation of the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor kappa-b (NF-kB) pathways which trigger differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. This system is balanced by the relative expression of OPG to RANKL, which are highly regulated by many factors including hormones, immune signals, and growth factors. An overexpression of RANKL can cause an overproduction and activation of osteoclasts, which break down bone. The balance between RANKL and OPG is a target for therapy in many diseases including estrogen deficiency-associated osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Paget’s disease, periodontal disease, and bone tumors and malignancies.[13]
Thermoregulation
RANK has also been shown to be a key in the thermoregulation signaling in females, which seems to be regulated by ovarian sex hormones. RANK is expressed in key regions of the brain associated with thermoregulation. Inactivation of RANK in these regions causes a loss of fever response to increased levels of RANKL. It has also been shown to be a critical mediator of fever response to lipopolysaccharide-induced fever and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1B and TNFa. This key role of the RANK-RANKL system may link the osteoporosis and hot flashes seen as symptoms of hormonal changes in post-menopausal women.[14]
Mammary gland development
RANK is constitutively expressed in mammary epithelial tissues. Calcium transferred from mother to fetus and neonate is provided by the degradation of the female bone by increased osteoclastic activity, which is regulated by the RANK/RANKL axis. RANKL also works through RANK to provide proliferative and survival signals to promote the final stages of lactating mammary gland development. Dysfunctional RANK or RANKL causes the arrest of differentiation and expansion of the alveolar bunds into mature lobulo-alveolar mammary structures, disabling the production of milk.[15]
Clinical significance
Cancer
RANK and RANKL have been reported to be expressed in some breast cancer and prostate cancer cell lines. RANKL expression in infiltrating T cells within mammary carcinomas activate RANK-expressing neoplastic mammary epithelial cells which stimulate metastasis. The expression of RANKL in these cells and the expression of RANK in bone cells may be the biological presentation of Paget’s seed and soil idea. The affinity for RANK of RANKL may be the reason these cancers tend to metastasize to bone. Once the tumor is seeded in the bone, the tumor cells stimulate bone resorption by secreting factors such as RANKL or prompting the surrounding stroma to express growth factors. These growth factors then upregulate production of RANKL which leads to osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction. The destruction of bone releases more growth factors and RANKL which induces more osteoclastogenesis, triggering a vicious cycle of bone destruction that is seen in metastatic bone tumors.[10]
Targeted therapies
Most therapies that target the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis aim to either down-regulate expression of RANKL or upregulate the expression of the decoy receptor OPG. For example, denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that is directed against RANKL. In phase I and II trials, denosumab led to a decrease in bone resorption in multiple myeloma, prostate cancer and breast cancer patients.[10] Another study looked into developing small mimetics based on the structure of OPG that bind to RANK as well as RANKL and cause defective coupling between the two.[16]
Interactions
RANK has been shown to interact with:
See also
References
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- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026321 – Ensembl, May 2017
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- ^ Wong BR, Josien R, Choi Y (1999). "TRANCE is a TNF family member that regulates dendritic cell and osteoclast function". J. Leukoc. Biol. 65 (6): 715–24. doi:10.1002/jlb.65.6.715. PMID 10380891. S2CID 17303204.
- ^ Theill LE, Boyle WJ, Penninger JM (2002). "RANK-L and RANK: T cells, bone loss, and mammalian evolution". Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20: 795–823. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064753. PMID 11861618.
- ^ a b c Schramek, Daniel; Penninger, Josef M (2011). "The many roles of RANKL-RANK signaling in bone, breast and cancer". IBMS BoneKEy. 8 (5): 237–256. doi:10.1138/20110512.
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- ^ Hofbauer, Lorenz C.; Heufelder, Armin E. (3 May 2001). "Role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin in bone cell biology". Journal of Molecular Medicine. 79 (5–6): 243–253. doi:10.1007/s001090100226. PMID 11485016. S2CID 22506007.
- ^ Hanada R, Leibbrandt A, Hanada T, Kitaoka S, Furuyashiki T, Fujihara H, Trichereau J, Paolino M, Qadri F, Plehm R, Klaere S, Komnenovic V, Mimata H, Yoshimatsu H, Takahashi N, von Haeseler A, Bader M, Kilic SS, Ueta Y, Pifl C, Narumiya S, Penninger JM (26 November 2009). "Central control of fever and female body temperature by RANKL/RANK". Nature. 462 (7272): 505–509. Bibcode:2009Natur.462..505H. doi:10.1038/nature08596. PMID 19940926. S2CID 4403682.
- ^ Fata JE, Kong YY, Li J, Sasaki T, Irie-Sasaki J, Moorehead RA, Elliott R, Scully S, Voura EB, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Khokha R, Penninger JM (Sep 29, 2000). "The osteoclast differentiation factor osteoprotegerin-ligand is essential for mammary gland development". Cell. 103 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00103-3. PMID 11051546. S2CID 15438954.
- ^ Cheng X, Kinosaki M, Takami M, Choi Y, Zhang H, Murali R (15 December 2003). "Disabling of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor- B (RANK) Receptor Complex by Novel Osteoprotegerin-like Peptidomimetics Restores Bone Loss in Vivo". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (9): 8269–8277. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309690200. PMID 14679212.
- ^ a b c d e Galibert L, Tometsko ME, Anderson DM, Cosman D, Dougall WC (Dec 1998). "The involvement of multiple tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors in the signaling mechanisms of receptor activator of NF-kappaB, a member of the TNFR superfamily". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (51): 34120–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.51.34120. PMID 9852070.
- ^ a b c d Kim HH, Lee DE, Shin JN, Lee YS, Jeon YM, Chung CH, Ni J, Kwon BS, Lee ZH (Jan 1999). "Receptor activator of NF-kappaB recruits multiple TRAF family adaptors and activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase". FEBS Lett. 443 (3): 297–302. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01731-1. PMID 10025951. S2CID 46210019.
- ^ a b c Darnay BG, Haridas V, Ni J, Moore PA, Aggarwal BB (Aug 1998). "Characterization of the intracellular domain of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK). Interaction with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors and activation of NF-kappab and c-Jun N-terminal kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (32): 20551–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.32.20551. PMID 9685412.
- ^ a b c Darnay BG, Ni J, Moore PA, Aggarwal BB (Mar 1999). "Activation of NF-kappaB by RANK requires tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase. Identification of a novel TRAF6 interaction motif". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (12): 7724–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.12.7724. PMID 10075662.
- ^ Mizukami J, Takaesu G, Akatsuka H, Sakurai H, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Matsumoto K, Sakurai N (Feb 2002). "Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) activates TAK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase through a signaling complex containing RANK, TAB2, and TRAF6". Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (4): 992–1000. doi:10.1128/mcb.22.4.992-1000.2002. PMC 134634. PMID 11809792.
Further reading
- Romas E, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ (2002). "Involvement of receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis". Bone. 30 (2): 340–6. doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00682-2. PMID 11856640.
- Collin-Osdoby P (2005). "Regulation of vascular calcification by osteoclast regulatory factors RANKL and osteoprotegerin". Circ. Res. 95 (11): 1046–57. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000149165.99974.12. PMID 15564564.
- Clohisy DR, Mantyh PW (2005). "Bone cancer pain and the role of RANKL/OPG". Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions. 4 (3): 293–300. PMID 15615497.
- Anandarajah AP, Schwarz EM (2006). "Anti-RANKL therapy for inflammatory bone disorders: Mechanisms and potential clinical applications". J. Cell. Biochem. 97 (2): 226–32. doi:10.1002/jcb.20674. PMID 16240334. S2CID 33543150.
- Baud'huin M, Duplomb L, Ruiz Velasco C, Fortun Y, Heymann D, Padrines M (2007). "Key roles of the OPG-RANK-RANKL system in bone oncology". Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 7 (2): 221–32. doi:10.1586/14737140.7.2.221. PMID 17288531. S2CID 12283459.
- Boyce BF, Xing L (2007). "Biology of RANK, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 9 Suppl 1: S1. doi:10.1186/ar2165. PMC 1924516. PMID 17634140.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Hughes AE, Shearman AM, Weber JL, Barr RJ, Wallace RG, Osterberg PH, Nevin NC, Mollan RA (1994). "Genetic linkage of familial expansile osteolysis to chromosome 18q". Hum. Mol. Genet. 3 (2): 359–61. doi:10.1093/hmg/3.2.359. PMID 7911698.
- Cody JD, Singer FR, Roodman GD, Otterund B, Lewis TB, Leppert M, Leach RJ (1997). "Genetic linkage of Paget disease of the bone to chromosome 18q". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61 (5): 1117–22. doi:10.1086/301601. PMC 1716035. PMID 9345096.
- Anderson DM, Maraskovsky E, Billingsley WL, Dougall WC, Tometsko ME, Roux ER, Teepe MC, DuBose RF, Cosman D, Galibert L (1997). "A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function". Nature. 390 (6656): 175–9. Bibcode:1997Natur.390..175A. doi:10.1038/36593. PMID 9367155. S2CID 4373990.
- Haslam SI, Van Hul W, Morales-Piga A, Balemans W, San-Millan JL, Nakatsuka K, Willems P, Haites NE, Ralston SH (1998). "Paget's disease of bone: evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 18q and for genetic heterogeneity". J. Bone Miner. Res. 13 (6): 911–7. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.6.911. PMID 9626621. S2CID 20552512.
- Darnay BG, Haridas V, Ni J, Moore PA, Aggarwal BB (1998). "Characterization of the intracellular domain of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK). Interaction with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors and activation of NF-kappab and c-Jun N-terminal kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (32): 20551–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.32.20551. PMID 9685412.
- Wong BR, Josien R, Lee SY, Vologodskaia M, Steinman RM, Choi Y (1998). "The TRAF family of signal transducers mediates NF-kappaB activation by the TRANCE receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (43): 28355–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.43.28355. PMID 9774460.
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External links
- RANK+Protein at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.