Philanthropy: Difference between revisions

{{See also|List of philanthropists}}

 

 

==Etymology==

[[File:Herodes Atticus - bust - Athens Museum.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Herodes Atticus]], a Greek philanthropist of [[Ancient Rome]] active during {{CE|the 2nd century}}]]

 

During the [[Middle Ages]], {{transliteration|grc|philanthrôpía}} was superseded in Europe by the [[Cardinal virtues|Christian virtue]] of ''[[Charity (Christian virtue)|charity]]'' ([[Latin]]: {{lang|la|caritas}}) in the sense of selfless love, valued for [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] and escape from [[purgatory]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Aquinas|first=Thomas|url=https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3023.htm|title=Summa Theologiae|chapter=Charity, considered in itself|at=Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 23}}</ref> [[Thomas Aquinas]] held that "the habit of charity extends not only to the love of God, but also to the love of our neighbor".<ref>{{cite book|last=Aquinas|first=Thomas|url=https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3025.htm|title=Summa Theologiae|chapter=The object of charity|at=Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 25}}</ref>

==United States ==

{{Main|Philanthropy in the United States}}

 

[[Benjamin Franklin]] (1706–1790) was an activist and theorist of American philanthropy. He was much influenced by [[Daniel Defoe]]'s ''An Essay upon Projects'' (1697) and [[Cotton Mather]]'s ''Bonifacius: an essay upon the good'' (1710). Franklin attempted to motivate his fellow [[Philadelphia]]ns into projects for the betterment of the city: examples included the [[Library Company of Philadelphia]] (the first American subscription library), the fire department, the police force, street lighting, and a hospital. A world-class physicist himself, he promoted scientific organizations including the Philadelphia Academy (1751) – which became the [[University of Pennsylvania]] – as well as the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1743), to enable scientific researchers from all 13 colonies to communicate.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Robert T.|editor-last=Grimm|chapter=Benjamin Franklin|title=Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering|url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse|url-access=registration|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse/page/100/mode/2up 100]–03|isbn=9781573563406}}</ref>

== Asia ==

[[File:Lamia_bint_Majed_al-Saud,_Bahrain_TV_News_Center_-_Mar_28,_2019.jpg|thumb|Saudi Arabian philanthropist [[Lamia bint Majed Al Saud|Lamia bint Majed al-Saud]]]]

 

 

Asia is home to most of the world's billionaires, surpassing the United States and Europe in 2017.<ref>{{ cite web | first=Jenny Lei |last=Ravelo | title = Philanthropy in Asia hampered by trust issues, says report | date=2018-01-16| website=Devex| url = https://www.devex.com/news/philanthropy-in-asia-hampered-by-trust-issues-says-report-91889 | language = en | access-date = 2021-10-26 }}</ref> Wikipedia's [[list of countries by number of billionaires]] shows four Asian economies in the top ten: 495 in China, 169 in India, 66 in Hong Kong, and 52 in Taiwan ({{as of|2023|04|alt=as of April 2023}}).

While the region's philanthropy practices are relatively under-researched compared to those of the United States and Europe, the Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society (CAPS) produces a study of the sector every two years. In 2020, its research found that if Asia were to donate the equivalent of two percent of its GDP, the same as the United States, it would unleash {{currency|507 billion|USD|passthrough=yes}} ({{currency|3.9 trillion|HKD|passthrough=yes}}) annually, more than 11 times the foreign aid flowing into the region every year and one-third of the annual amount needed globally to meet the sustainable development goals by 2030.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society's Doing Good Index Plots Way Forward in Post-Covid-19 World | date = 17 June 2020 | url = https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200617005325/en/Centre-Asian-Philanthropy-Society%E2%80%99s-Good-Index-Plots%20 | website=BusinessWire| language = en | access-date = 2021-10-27 }}</ref>

 

|1={{Cite journal|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Williamson|first2=Alexandra|date=2018-05-02|title=Foundations in Australia: Dimensions for International Comparison|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|volume=62|issue=13|language=en|pages=1759–1776|doi=10.1177/0002764218773495|s2cid=149469573|issn=0002-7642}}

|2={{Cite book|last1=Scaife|first1=Wendy|chapter=Giving in Australia: Philanthropic Potential Beginning to Be Realized|date=2015|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy|pages=488–505|editor-last=Wiepking|editor-first=Pamala|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137341532_28|isbn=9781137343239|last2=McDonald|first2=Katie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|last4=Mossel|first4=Valérie|editor2-last=Handy|editor2-first=Femida}} }}</ref> There is no public registry of philanthropic foundations as distinct from charities more generally.

[[Philanthrocapitalism]] differs from traditional philanthropy in how it operates. Traditional philanthropy is about charity, mercy, and selfless devotion improving recipients' wellbeing.<ref name=":0" /> Philanthrocapitalism, is philanthropy transformed by business and the market,<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Is it time for a new international poverty measure?|date=2013-12-05|pages=35–42|publisher=OECD|isbn=9789264200999|doi=10.1787/dcr-2013-6-en|title=Development Co-operation Report 2013|last1=Klasen|first1=Stephan}}</ref> where profit-oriented business models are designed that work for the good of humanity.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Matthew|last1=Bishop|first2=Michael|last2=Green|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|date=2008|title=Philanthrocapitalism: how the rich can save the world|isbn=9781596916951|url=https://archive.org/details/philanthrocapita00matt|url-access=registration}}</ref> Share value companies are an example. They help develop and deliver curricula in education, strengthen their own businesses and improve the job prospects of people.<ref>{{citation|last1=Kramar|first1=M.K.|first2=G.|last2=Hills|first3=K.|last3=Tallani|first4=M.|last4=Wilka|first5=A.|last5=Bhatt|year=2014|title=The new role of business in global education: How companies can create shared value by improving education while driving shareholder returns|url=https://www.fsg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Role_of_Business_in_Education.pdf}}</ref> Firms improve social outcomes, but while they do so, they also benefit themselves.

 

 

[[Intel]] invests in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curricular standards in the US and provides learning resources and materials for schools, for its innovation and revenue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rubio Royo|first=Enrique|date=2009-09-30|title=Nuevo "rol" y paradigmas del Aprendizaje, en una Sociedad Global en RED y Compleja: la Era del Conocimiento y el Aprendizaje|journal=Arbor|volume=CLXXXV|issue=Extra|pages=41–62|doi=10.3989/arbor.2009.extran1205|language=es|issn=1988-303X|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.12749/3006|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The New Employment Opportunities initiative in Latin America is a regional collaboration to train one million youth by 2022 to raise employment standards and ultimately provide a talented pool of labour for companies.

 

Along with diaspora-led foreign direct investment, diaspora philanthropy is a force in the development of a country. Members of a diaspora are familiar with their community's needs and the social, political, and economic factors that influence the delivery of those needs. Studies show that those who are a part of the diaspora are more aware of the pressing and neglected issues of their community than outsiders or other well wishers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=DeSouza |first1=Mercy |last2=Osei |first2=Onallia Esther |last3=Idemudia |first3=Erhabor Sunday |date=2023-01-18 |title=Transnational migrants' philanthropy: Its forms, operations, and implications from the perspectives of Ghanaian residents in Europe |journal=Frontiers in Sociology |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fsoc.2022.1062755 |pmid=36741585 |pmc=9889849 |issn=2297-7775 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Also given their deep ties to their country of origin, diaspora philanthropies have greater longevity than other international philanthropies. Due to {{clarify|reason=|text=the distance buffer accompanied with|date=August 2023}} diaspora philanthropy, diaspora philanthropy is more willing to address controversial issues found in their country of origin compared to local philanthropy.<ref name=":2" />

 

== Philanthropic capitalism ==