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{{shortShort description|Department of France}}
{{Distinguish|text = the [[Strait of Dover]], referred to as "Pas de Calais" in France}}
{{Expand French|date=July 2020|topic=geo}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Pas-de-Calais
| native_name = Pas-Calés
| native_name_lang = pcd
| type = [[Departments of France|Department]]
| image_skyline = Arras-prefecture.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]] building of the Pas-de-CalaisBased department, in Arras
| image_flag = Unofficial Flag of Pas-De-Calais.svg
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Blason département fr Pas-de-Calais.svg
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| nickname image_map = Pas-de-Calais-Position.svg
| image_map map_alt = Pas-de-Calais-Position.svg
| map_altmap_caption = Location of Pas-de-Calais in = France
| pushpin_map =
| map_caption = Location of Pas-de-Calais in France
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{Coord|50|57|N|1|51|E|region:FR-62_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates = {{coord|50|57|N|1|51|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_name = [[France]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_type1 subdivision_name1 = [[Regions of Hauts-de-France|Region]]
| established_title =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Hauts-de-France]]
| established_date =
| established_title =
| established_date founder =
| founderseat_type = [[Prefectures in = France|Prefecture]]
| seat_type seat = [[Prefectures in France|PrefectureArras]]
| seat parts_type = [[ArrasSubprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_style = para
| parts_type = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_style p1 = para[[Béthune]]
| p1 p2 = [[BéthuneBoulogne-sur-Mer]]
| p2 p3 = [[Boulogne-sur-MerCalais]]
| p3 p4 = [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]]
| p4 p5 = [[LensMontreuil, Pas-de-Calais|LensMontreuil]]
| p5 p6 = [[Montreuil, Pas-deSaint-Calais|MontreuilOmer]]
| government_footnotes =
| p6 = [[Saint-Omer]]
| government_footnotes leader_party =
| leader_partyleader_title = [[President of the Departmental = Council]]
| leader_name = Jean-Claude Leroy<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[President of the general council|President of the General Council]]
| leader_nameunit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK = Jean-Claude Leroy->
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 6706
| area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_total_km2 area_note = 6671
| elevation_footnotes =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes elevation_m =
| elevation_m elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_m elevation_max_m =
| population_total = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| elevation_max_m =
| population_as_of = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes =
| population_footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes2}}
| population_total = 1468018
| population_rank = [[List of French departments by population|7th]]
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of French departments by population|8th]]
| population_demonym =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym population_note =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| population_note =
| blank_info_sec1 = 62
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Arrondissements of France|Arrondissements]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 62
| blank_info_sec2 = [[arrondissements of the Pas-de-Calais department|7]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Arrondissements of France|Arrondissements]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Cantons in France|Cantons]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[arrondissements of the Pas-de-Calais department|7]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[cantons of the Pas-de-Calais department|39]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Cantons in France|Cantons]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Communes in France|Communes]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[cantons of the Pas-de-Calais department|39]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|890]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Communes in France|Communes]]
| blank2_info_sec2 timezone1 = [[communes of theCentral Pas-de-CalaisEuropean departmentTime|890CET]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| postal_code_type =
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| postal_code_type postal_code =
| postal_code area_code_type =
| area_code_type area_code =
| area_code iso_code = FR-62
| iso_code website =
| footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
| website =
| official_name =
| footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
| governing_body = [[Departmental Council of Pas-de-Calais]]
| official_name =
}}
 
'''Pas-de-Calais''' ({{IPA-fr|pɑ d(ə) kalɛ|lang|Fr-Paris--Pas-de-Calais.ogg}}, "[[strait]] of [[Calais]]"; {{lang-pcd|Pas-Calés}}; also {{lang-nl|Nauw van Kales}}) is a [[departments of France|department]] in northern [[France]] named after the [[French language|French]] designation of the [[Strait of Dover]], which it borders. It has the most [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|communes]] than any other department of France, [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|890]], and is the 8th most populous. The '''Calais Passage''' connects to the [[Port of Calais]] on the [[English Channel]]. Pas-de-Calais borders the departments of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]] and [[Somme (department)|Somme]] and is connected to the English [[Counties of England|county]] of [[Kent]] via the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jackson|first=Mark|date=2021-09-01|title=Colt and Getlink to Deploy New Fibre Optic Network via Channel Tunnel|url=https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2021/09/colt-and-getlink-to-deploy-new-fibre-optic-network-via-channel-tunnel.html|access-date=2021-09-12|website=ISPreview UK|language=en}}</ref>
The '''Pas-de-Calais''' ({{IPA|fr|pɑ d(ə) kalɛ|lang|Fr-Paris--Pas-de-Calais.ogg}}, "[[strait]] of [[Calais]]"; {{lang-pcd|Pas-Calés}}; {{lang-nl|Nauw van Calais}}) is a [[departments of France|department]] in north-eastern [[France]] named after the [[French language|French]] designation of the [[Strait of Dover]], which it borders. It has the most [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|communes]] of all the departments of France, with [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|890]], and is the 8th most populous. It had a population of 1,465,278 in 2019.<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep62.pdf Populations légales 2019: 62 Pas-de-Calais], INSEE</ref> The '''Calais Passage''' connects to the [[Port of Calais]] on the [[English Channel]]. The Pas-de-Calais borders the departments of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]] and [[Somme (department)|Somme]] and is connected to the English [[Counties of England|county]] of [[Kent]] via the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jackson|first=Mark|date=2021-09-01|title=Colt and Getlink to Deploy New Fibre Optic Network via Channel Tunnel|url=https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2021/09/colt-and-getlink-to-deploy-new-fibre-optic-network-via-channel-tunnel.html|access-date=2021-09-12|website=ISPreview UK|language=en}}</ref>
 
==History==
Line 93 ⟶ 96:
Pas-de-Calais is one of the original 83 departments created during the [[French Revolution]] on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the [[provinces of France|former provinces]] of [[Calaisis]], formerly English, [[Boulonnais (land area)|Boulonnais]], [[Ponthieu]] and [[Artois]], this last formerly part of the [[Spanish Netherlands]].
 
Some of the costliest battles of [[World War I]] were fought in the region. The [[Canadian National Vimy Memorial]], eight kilometres from [[Arras]], commemorates the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] assault during the [[Battle of Arras (1917)]] and is [[Canada]]'s most important memorial in Europe to its fallen soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatwar.co.uk/french-flanders-artois/memorial-canadian-national-vimy-memorial.htm |title=Canadian National Vimy Memorial, France |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |website=The Great War UK |publisher=The Great War UK |access-date=31 March 2017 |quote=The ridge runs in a direction from Givenchy-en-Gohelle in the north-west to Farbus in the south-east.}}</ref>
 
Pas-de-Calais was also the target of [[Operation Fortitude]] during [[World War II]], which was an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] plan to deceive [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|the Germans]] that the [[Operation Overlord|invasion of Europe]] at D-Day was to occur here, rather than in [[Normandy]].<ref>{{cite book
Line 108 ⟶ 111:
[[File:France manche vue dover.JPG|thumb|right|300px|View of the English coast, from Pas-de-Calais]]
 
Pas-de-Calais is in the current [[Regions of France|region]] of [[Hauts-de-France]] and is surrounded by the departments of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]] and [[Somme (department)|Somme]], the [[English Channel]], and the [[North Sea]]. It shares a nominalmaritime border with the English county of [[Kent]] in the [[United Kingdom]] halfway through the [[Channel Tunnel]].
 
Its principal towns are, on the coast, [[Calais]], [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] and [[Étaples]], and in Artois, [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]], [[Liévin]], [[Arras]], and [[Saint-Omer]].
 
The principal rivers are the following:
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
* [[Authie (river)|Authie]]
* [[Canche]]
Line 122 ⟶ 124:
* [[Lys (river)|Lys]]
* [[Aa (France)|Aa]]
{{div col end}}
 
===Principal towns===
 
Its principal towns are, on the coast, [[Calais]] and [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], and in Artois, [[Arras]], [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]], [[Liévin]], and [[Béthune]]. The most populous commune is Calais; the prefecture Arras is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are 10 communes with more than 15,000 inhabitants:<ref name=pop2019/>
 
{| class=wikitable
! Commune
! Population (2019)
|-
| [[Calais]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 72,509
|-
| [[Arras]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 41,694
|-
| [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 40,251
|-
| [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 31,461
|-
| [[Liévin]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 30,112
|-
| [[Hénin-Beaumont]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 25,992
|-
| [[Béthune]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 25,039
|-
| [[Bruay-la-Buissière]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 21,903
|-
| [[Avion, Pas-de-Calais|Avion]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 17,625
|-
| [[Carvin]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 17,557
|}
 
==Economy==
The economy of the department was long dependent on [[mining]], primarily the [[Coal mining|coal mine]]s near the town of [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais]] where coal was discovered in 1849.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villedelens.fr/histoire/lhistoire-de-lens/la-decouverte-du-charbon.html|title=Discovery of Coal|publisher=Ville de Lens|access-date=1 August 2015|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130449/http://www.villedelens.fr/histoire/lhistoire-de-lens/la-decouverte-du-charbon.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, since [[World War II]], the economy has become more diversified.
 
==Demographics==
The inhabitants of the department are called ''Pas-de-Calaisiens''.
 
Pas-de-Calais is one of the most densely populated departments of France, and yet itbut has no large cities. [[Calais]]with has only aboutover 80100,000 inhabitants,residents: followedCalais closelyhas byabout [[Arras]]73,000 [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]] and [[Liévin]]inhabitants. The remaining population is primarily concentrated along the border with the department of Nord in the mining district, where a string of small towns constitutes an urban area with a population of about 1.2 million. The centre and south of the department are more rural, but still quite heavily populated, with many villages and small towns.
 
Although the department saw some of the heaviest fighting of [[World War I]], its population rebounded quickly after both world wars. However, many of the mining towns have seen dramatic decreases in population, some up to half of their population.
Line 135 ⟶ 177:
Population development since 1801:
 
{{historical populations
{{historical populations|15=1801|16=534,416|17=1821|18=626,571|19=1831|20=655,215|21=1841|22=685,021|23=1851|24=692,994|25=1861|26=724,338|27=1872|28=761,158|29=1881|30=819,022|31=1891|32=874,364|33=1901|34=955,391|35=1911|36=1,068,155|37=1921|38=989,967|align=middle|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://splaf.free.fr/ Site sur la Population et les Limites Administratives de la France]</ref>|39=1931|40=1,205,191|41=1936|42=1,179,467|43=1946|44=1,168,545|45=1954|46=1,276,833|47=1962|48=1,366,282|49=1968|50=1,397,159|51=1975|52=1,402,295|53=1982|54=1,412,413|55=1990|56=1,433,203|57=1999|58=1,441,568|59=2006|60=1,453,387|61=2011|62=1,462,807|63=2016|64=1,470,725}}
|cols=2|align=none|percentages=pagr|footnote=Sources:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://splaf.free.fr/62his.html|title=Historique du Pas-de-Calais|website=Le SPLAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-62|title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2016|publisher=INSEE}}</ref>|graph-pos=bottom
|15=1801|16=534,416|17=1821|18=626,571|19=1831|20=655,215|21=1841|22=685,021|23=1851|24=692,994|25=1861|26=724,338|27=1872|28=761,158|29=1881|30=819,022|31=1891|32=874,364|33=1901|34=955,391|35=1911|36=1,068,155|37=1921|38=989,967|39=1931|40=1,205,191|41=1936|42=1,179,467|43=1946|44=1,168,545|45=1954|46=1,276,833|47=1962|48=1,366,282|49=1968|50=1,397,159|51=1975|52=1,402,295|53=1982|54=1,412,413|55=1990|56=1,433,203|57=1999|58=1,441,568|59=2006|60=1,453,387|61=2011|62=1,462,807|63=2016|64=1,470,725}}
 
==Politics==
 
=== Local elections ===
{{Main|Departmental Council of Pas-de-Calais}}
 
The president of the Departmental Council is Jean-Claude Leroy, elected in 2017.
 
=== National politics ===
{{Main|List of constituencies in Pas-de-Calais}}
In the second round of the [[2017 French presidential election|French presidential elections of 2017]] Pas-de-Calais was one of only two departments in which the candidate of the [[National Front (France)|Front National]], [[Marine Le Pen]], received a majority of the votes cast: 52.0506%.<ref>[httphttps://www.lemonde.fr/nordresultats-paselections/hauts-de-calais-picardiefrance/pas-de-calais,62/elections/presidentielle-2017/ Résultats élections], ''Le Monde'']</ref>
 
=== Presidential elections 2nd round ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Winning Candidate!!Party!!%!!2nd Place Candidate!!Party!!%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Front (France)|FN}}" |
| [[2022 French presidential election|2022]]
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 57.49
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 42.51
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Front (France)|FN}}" |
| [[2017 French presidential election|2017]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles | title=Présidentielles }}</ref>
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 52.06
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 47.94
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)|PS}}" |
| [[2012 French presidential election|2012]]
| [[François Hollande]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 56.18
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 43.82
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)|PS}}" |
| [[2007 French presidential election|2007]]
| [[Ségolène Royal]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 52.04
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 47.96
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[2002 French presidential election|2002]]<ref name="auto"/>
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 77.83
| [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally|FN]]
| 22.17
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)|PS}}" |
| [[1995 French presidential election|1995]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.politiquemania.com/presidentielles-1995-departement.html | title=Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania }}</ref>
| [[Lionel Jospin]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 57.28
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 42.72
|}
 
===Current National Assembly Representatives===
Line 145 ⟶ 256:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>http name=":0" //www.assemblee-nationale.fr/</ref>!!Party
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 1st constituency]]
| [[Emmanuel Blairy]]
|[[National Rally|RN]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Jacqueline Maquet]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
|-
|
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Jean-Marc Tellier]]
|[[French Communist Party|PCF]]
|-
|
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 4th constituency]]
| [[Philippe Fait]]
|[[Horizons (political party)|Horizons]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 5th constituency]]
| [[Jean-Pierre Pont]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 6th constituency]]
| [[Christine Engrand]]
|[[National Rally|RN]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 7th constituency]]
| [[Pierre-Henri Dumont]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 8th constituency]]
| [[Bertrand Petit]]
|[[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 9th constituency]]
| [[Caroline Parmentier]]
|[[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 10th constituency]]
| [[Myriane Houplain]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency]]
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 12th constituency]]
| [[Bruno Bilde]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|}
 
=== National Assembly Representatives (2017 to 2022) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency!!Member<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/|title=Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français|first=Assemblée|last=Nationale|website=Assemblée nationale}}</ref>!!Party
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Movement (France)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 1st constituency]]
| [[Bruno Duvergé]]
| [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Jacqueline Maquet]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituency]]
| [[JoséEmmanuel ÉvrardBlairy]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 4th constituency]]
| [[Daniel Fasquelle]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 5th constituency]]
| [[Jean-Pierre Pont]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 6th constituency]]
| [[Brigitte Bourguignon]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 7th constituency]]
| [[Pierre-Henri Dumont]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 8th constituency]]
| [[Benoît Potterie]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Movement (France)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 9th constituency]]
| [[Marguerite Deprez-Audebert]]
| [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 10th constituency]]
| [[LudovicMyriane PajotHouplain]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency]]
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 12th constituency]]
| [[Bruno Bilde]]
Line 234 ⟶ 411:
* [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]]
* [[7 Valleys Pas-de-Calais]]
* [[Achicourt station]]
 
==References==
Line 241 ⟶ 419:
{{Commons category|Pas-de-Calais}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.wikipasdecalais.fr/ A whole wiki about the Pas-de-Calais]
* {{in lang|fr}} [httphttps://www.pas-de-calais.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [httphttps://www.cg62pasdecalais.fr/ GeneralDepartmental Council website]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.uk.pas-de-calais.com/ Official Tourist website]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://about-france.com/regions/nord-pas-de-calais.htm Short regional tourism guide]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais"