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{{Short description|Extinct genus of conifers}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Middle Triassic|Late Cretaceous|earliest=Early Triassic}}
| fossil_range = [[Kungurian]]-[[Maastrichtian]]<br>~{{Fossilrange|279|71}}
| image = HKU 香港大學 Stephen Hui Geological Museum 許士芬地質博物館 Mesozoic 中生代 Dinosaur world plants rocks Oct 2016 Lnv 06.jpg
| image_caption = [[Middle Jurassic|Mid Jurassic]]Fossil ''Podozamites'', part of the [[Jehol Biota]] offrom China
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Podozamites
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}}
 
'''''Podozamites''''' is an extinct genus of [[Permian]]fossil ([[Kungurianconifer]]) to [[Mesozoic]] [[Pinophyta|conifers]]leaves. In its broader sense, it has been used as a morphogenus ([[Form classification|form taxon]]) to refer to any broad leaved multi-veined conifer leaves,. someModern ofbroad-leaved whichconifers probably belong to extant conifer groups including [[Araucariaceae]]. Inwith a moresimilar narrowform sense, it has been used to refer to a probablyinclude ''[[Monophyly|monophyleticAgathis]] group of broad leafed conifers that existed'' in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly East Asia and Siberia during thefamily [[Late TriassicAraucariaceae]] to earlyand ''[[Late CretaceousNageia]],'' where it formed part of wet coal swamp communities. Over the course of thein [[JurassicPodocarpaceae]], thewith distributionsome shifted''Podozamites'' northwards''sensu inlato'' responseprobably belonging to the dryingsame offamilies.<ref thename=":1" lower latitudes, becoming restricted to between 60 and 30 degrees north by the [[Early Cretaceous]]./>
 
In a more narrow sense, ''Podozamites'' has been used to refer to the leaves of a probably [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] group of deciduous broad leafed [[Voltziales|voltzialean]] conifers which lived in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], particularly [[East Asia]] and [[Siberia]], during the [[Late Triassic]] to early [[Late Cretaceous]], where it formed part of wet coal swamp communities.<ref name=":1" />
''Podozamites senus stricto'' would become extinct during the [[Turonian]] stage of the Late Cretaceous, coincident with the arrival of [[flowering plant]]s into the Siberian region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pole|first1=Mike|last2=Wang|first2=Yongdong|last3=Bugdaeva|first3=Eugenia V.|last4=Dong|first4=Chong|last5=Tian|first5=Ning|last6=Li|first6=Liqin|last7=Zhou|first7=Ning|date=December 2016|title=The rise and demise of ''Podozamites'' in east Asia—An extinct conifer life style|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018216001188|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|language=en|volume=464|pages=97–109|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.037|bibcode=2016PPP...464...97P}}</ref>▼
 
== Description ==
[[File:Krassilovia mongolica and Podozamites harrisii.png|centerleft|thumb|Reconstruction of ''Podozamities harrisii'' with the associated cones of ''[[Krassilovia|Krassilovia mongolica]]'' from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. Art by Pollyanna von Knorring]]
[[File:Cycadocarpidium erdmanni & Podozamites schenkii.png|thumb|250x250px|''Cycadocarpidium erdmanni'' cone & ''Podozamites schenkii'' leaves from the Late Triassic of Iran]]
In the right conditions, ''Podozamites'' leaves ''sensu stricto'' preserve delicate cuticle and insect damage, and are thought to have been regularly shed. ''Podozamites'' leaves ''sensu stricto''They are associated with [[conifer cone]]s of the genera ''[[Swedenborgia]], [[Cycadocarpidium]],'' and ''[[Krassilovia]],'' and were suggested in 2020 to constitute the distinct family [[Krassiloviaceae]] within the [[Voltziales]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Herrera|first1=Fabiany|last2=Shi|first2=Gongle|last3=Mays|first3=Chris|last4=Ichinnorov|first4=Niiden|last5=Takahashi|first5=Masamichi|last6=Bevitt|first6=Joseph J.|last7=Herendeen|first7=Patrick S.|last8=Crane|first8=Peter R.|date=2020-01-15|editor-last=Peppe|editor-first=Daniel|title=Reconstructing ''Krassilovia mongolica'' supports recognition of a new and unusual group of Mesozoic conifers|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226779|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=e0226779|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0226779|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6961850|pmid=31940374|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1526779H|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
''Podozamites'' leaves are strap-shaped or oblong, with smoothly parallel sides and dense longitudinal veins. They attach to a slender branch in a helical pattern, but twist into a [[distichous]] orientation (lying in a single plane along the branch). Both the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces of the leaf have [[Plant cell|cells]] arranged into longitudinal bands. Some bands on the abaxial surface host broad [[Stoma|stomata]] which are paracytic (with a [[subsidiary cell]] lateral to and paralleling each [[guard cell]] in a stoma). This is similar to [[Gnetales]] and especially [[Bennettitales|bennettitaleans]], suggesting that they may be related to these groups.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Gongle |last2=Herrera |first2=Fabiany |last3=Herendeen |first3=Patrick S. |last4=Leslie |first4=Andrew B. |last5=Ichinnorov |first5=Niiden |last6=Takahashi |first6=Masamichi |last7=Crane |first7=Peter R. |date=2018-01-26 |title=Leaves of ''Podozamites'' and ''Pseudotorellia'' from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia: stomatal patterns and implications for relationships |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312870666 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=111–137 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2016.1274343 |bibcode=2018JSPal..16..111S |s2cid=90523531 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref>
 
The ''Krassilovia'' cone is roughly spherical and consists of densley packed interlocking overlapping bract-scale complexes surrounding a central axis. The cone is thought to have disintegrated at maturity to release the winged seeds. By contrast, the ''[[Swedenborgia]]'' and ''[[Cycadocarpidium]]'' cones are elongate and are only loosely packed.<ref name=":0" />
 
== Evolutionary history ==
▲''Podozamites sensu stricto'' has been suggested to be closely related to ''[[Telemachus (conifer)|Telemachus]]/[[Heidiphyllum]]'' (seed cone/leaves respectively)'','' a broad-leaved conifer known from the Triassic of [[Gondwana]].<ref name=":0" /> ''Podozamites sensu stricto'' first became widespread at mid-latitudes during the Late Triassic. During the Early Jurassic in East Asia, it formed almost monospecific assemblages where it was the dominant plant. Over the course of the [[Jurassic]], the distribution shifted northwards in response to the drying of the lower latitudes, becoming restricted to between 60 and 30 degrees north by the [[Early Cretaceous]]. ''Podozamites senus stricto'' would become extinct during the [[Turonian]] stage of the Late Cretaceous, coincident with the arrival of [[flowering plant]]s into the Siberian region.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Pole|first1=Mike|last2=Wang|first2=Yongdong|last3=Bugdaeva|first3=Eugenia V.|last4=Dong|first4=Chong|last5=Tian|first5=Ning|last6=Li|first6=Liqin|last7=Zhou|first7=Ning|date=December 2016|title=The rise and demise of ''Podozamites'' in east Asia—An extinct conifer life style|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018216001188|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|language=en|volume=464|pages=97–109|bibcode=2016PPP...464...97P|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.037|bibcode=2016PPP...464...97P}}</ref>
 
==Species==
A number of species within the genus were listed by [[Fossilworks]], {{as of|2021|May|lc=yes}}: ''Podozamites agardhianus'', ''Podozamites distans'', ''Podozamites lanceolatus'', ''Podozamites longifolius'', ''Podozamites mucronatus'', ''Podozamites pinnatus'' and ''Podozamites schenki''.<ref>{{fossilworks |id=277344 |title=†''Podozamites'' Braun 1843 (conifer) |access-date=2021-05-17 }}</ref> ''[[Agathis jurassica]]'', initially identified as ''Podozamites lanceolatus'', has also been placed in this genus.<ref name=FresGloyOberGore17>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Frese |first1=M. |last2=Gloy |first2=G. |last3=Oberprieler |first3=R.G. |last4=Gore |first4=D.B. |date=2017 |title=Imaging of Jurassic fossils from the Talbragar Fish Bed using fluorescence, photoluminescence, and elemental and mineralogical mapping |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=e0179029 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179029 |pmid=28582427 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279029F |name-list-style=amp |pmc=5459505 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Podozamites harrissii'' from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia is associated with ''Krassilovia mongolica,'' while ''Podozamites schenkii'' is associated with the Triassic-Jurassic ''Swedenborgia cryptomerioides'' and Triassic ''Cycadocarpidium erdmanni.''<ref name=":0" /> It has been noted that extant ''[[Agathis]]'' ([[Araucariaceae]]) and ''[[Nageia]]'' ([[Podocarpaceae]]) qualify as members of ''Podozamites'' under its morphogenus sense.<ref name=":1" />
 
== References ==
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[[Category:Voltziales|†]]
[[Category:Prehistoric plantgymnosperm genera]]
[[Category:Kungurian genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian genus extinctions]]
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