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The '''Mariana Islands''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ær|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} {{respell|MARR|ee|AH|nə}}; {{lang-ch|Manislan Mariånas}}), also simply '''the Marianas''', are a crescent-shaped [[archipelago]] comprising the summits of fourteen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) and Guam – Pacific Islands Benthic Habitat Mapping Center |url=https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/cms/data-by-location/cnmi-guam/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827190542/https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/cms/data-by-location/cnmi-guam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> longitudinally oriented, mostly [[Volcano#Dormant and reactivated|dormant volcanic]] mountains in the northwestern [[Pacific Ocean]], between the [[12th parallel north|12th]] and [[21st parallel north|21st parallels north]] and along the [[145th meridian east]]. They lie south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of [[Hawaii]], north of [[New Guinea]] and east of the [[Philippines]], demarcating the [[Philippine Sea]]'s eastern limit. They are found in the northern part of the western [[Oceania|Oceanic]] sub-region of [[Micronesia]], and are politically divided into two jurisdictions of the United States: the Commonwealth of the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] and, at the southern end of the chain, the territory of [[Guam]]. The islands were named after the influential Spanish queen [[Mariana of Austria]] following their colonization in the 17th century.
The indigenous inhabitants are the [[Chamorro people]]. Archaeologists in 2013 reported findings which indicated that the people who first settled the Marianas arrived there after making what may have been at the time the longest uninterrupted ocean voyage in human history. They further reported findings which suggested that [[Tinian]] is likely to have been the first island in Oceania to have been settled by humans.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zotomayor |first=Alexie Villegas |title=Archaeologist says migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history |url=http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/54274-archaeologist-says-migration-to-marianas-longest-ocean-crossing-in-human-history |publisher=Marianas Variety |date=11 Mar 2013 |ref=voyage |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316215811/http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/54274-archaeologist-says-migration-to-marianas-longest-ocean-crossing-in-human-history |url-status=live }}</ref>
Spanish expeditions, beginning with one by Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in the early 16th century, were the first Europeans to arrive; eventually, Spain annexed and colonized the archipelago, establishing their capital on the largest island, Guam. The Marianas were the first islands Magellan encountered after traversing the Pacific from the southern tip of South America. The fruits found there saved the survivors from [[scurvy]], which had already killed dozens of crewmembers.
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| climate =
| soil =
| conservation = Critical/Endangered<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Micronesia: north of Papua New Guinea {{!}} Ecoregions {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/oc0203 |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=World Wildlife Fund |archive-date=2020-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927065229/https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/oc0203 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| global200 =
| habitat_loss = 76.8
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[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|upright=1.5|left|thumb|Map showing the [[Neolithic]] [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian migrations]] into the islands of the [[Indo-Pacific]]]]
The Mariana Islands were the first islands settled by humans in [[Remote Oceania]]. Incidentally it is also the first and the longest of the ocean-crossing voyages of the [[Austronesian peoples]] into Remote Oceania, and is separate from the later [[Polynesian people|Polynesian]] settlement of the rest of Remote Oceania. They were first settled around 1500 to 1400 BCE by migrants departing from the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Hung"/><ref name="Zotomayor">{{cite journal |last1=Zotomayor |first1=Alexie Villegas |title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history |journal=Marianas Variety News and Views |date=12 March 2013 |page=2 |url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021085833/https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Archeological studies of human activity on the islands have revealed pottery with red-slipped, circle-stamped and punctate-stamped designs found in the Mariana Islands dating from between 1500 and 1400 BC. These artifacts show similar aesthetics to pottery found in Northern and Central Philippines, particularly Nagsabaran ([[Cagayan Valley]]) pottery, which flourished during the period between 2000 and 1300 BC.<ref name="Hung">{{cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-chun |last2=Carson |first2=Mike T. |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Campos |first4=Fredeliza Z. |last5=Piper |first5=Philip J. |last6=Dizon |first6=Eusebio |last7=Bolunia |first7=Mary Jane Louise A. |last8=Oxenham |first8=Marc |last9=Chi |first9=Zhang |title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas |journal=Antiquity |date=2015 |volume=85 |issue=329 |pages=909–926 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Comparative and historical linguistics also indicate that the [[Chamorro language]] is most closely related to the [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] subfamily of the [[Austronesian languages]], instead of the [[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]] subfamily of the languages found in the rest of Remote Oceania.<ref name="Hung"/><ref name="carson2012">{{cite journal |last1=Carson |first1=Mike T. |title=History of Archaeological Study in the Mariana Islands |journal=Micronesica |date=2012 |volume=42 |issue=1/2 |pages=312–371 |url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/10_carson_pp312-371.pdf |access-date=2020-10-26 |archive-date=2021-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424122910/http://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/10_carson_pp312-371.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Guma Taga ruins, pre-1902.jpg|right|thumb|Ruins of [[Guma Taga]] on Tinian. The pillars/columns are called latte (pronounced læ'di) stones, a common architectural element of prehistoric structures in the Mariana Islands, upon which elevated buildings were built. Earthquakes had toppled the other latte at this site by the time this photo was taken; an earthquake in 1902 toppled the one seen on the left, and today only the one on the right remains standing.]]
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Nevertheless, DNA analyses also show close genetic relationships between ancient settlers of the Marianas and early Lapita settlers in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]]. This may indicate that both the Lapita culture and the Marianas were settled from direct migrations from the Philippines, or that early settlers from the Marianas voyaged further southwards into the Bismarcks and reconnected with the Lapita people.<ref name="Pugach"/>
The Marianas also later established contact with and received migrations from the [[Caroline Islands]] at around the first millennium CE. This brought new pottery styles, languages, genes, and the hybrid Polynesian [[breadfruit]].<ref name="Peterson">{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=John A. |title=Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity? |journal=Micronesica |date=2012 |volume=42 |issue=1/2 |pages=183–208 |url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf |access-date=2020-10-26 |archive-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412090705/https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
The period 900 to 1700 CE of the Marianas, immediately before and during the Spanish colonization, is known as the [[Latte stone|''Latte'' period]]. It is characterized by rapid cultural change, most notably by the massive [[megalithic]] ''latte'' stones (also spelled ''latde'' or ''latti''). These were composed of the ''haligi'' pillars capped with another stone called ''tasa'' (which prevented rodents from climbing the posts). These served as supports for the rest of the structure which was made of wood. Remains of structures made with similar wooden posts have also been found. Human graves have also been found in front of ''latte'' structures, The ''Latte'' period was also characterized by the introduction of [[rice]] agriculture, which is unique in the pre-contact [[Pacific Islands]].<ref name="Laguana"/>
The reasons for these changes is still unclear, but it is believed that it may have resulted from a third wave of migrants from [[Island Southeast Asia]]. Comparisons with other architectural traditions makes it likely that this third migration wave were again from the Philippines, or from eastern [[Indonesia]] (either [[Sulawesi]] or [[Sumba]]), all of which have a tradition of raised buildings with capstones. The word ''haligi'' ("pillar") is also used in various languages throughout the Philippines; while the Chamorro word ''guma'' ("house") closely resembles the Sumba word ''uma''.<ref name="Laguana">{{cite journal |last1=Laguana |first1=Andrew |last2=Kurashina |first2=Hiro |last3=Carson |first3=Mike T. |last4=Peterson |first4=John A. |last5=Bayman |first5=James M. |last6=Ames |first6=Todd |last7=Stephenson |first7=Rebecca A. |last8=Aguon |first8=John |last9=Harya Putra |first9=Ir. D.K. |title=Estorian i latte: A story of latte |journal=Micronesica |date=2012 |volume=42 |issue=1/2 |pages=80–120 |url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/2_smlaguana_pp80-120.pdf |access-date=2020-10-26 |archive-date=2021-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424074038/http://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/2_smlaguana_pp80-120.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Spanish exploration and control ===
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[[File:Estampilla española de las Islas Marianas 5 cent 1898-99.jpg|thumb|upright=0.45|A stamp from the Marianas' late Spanish colonial period, 1898–1899]]
In 1667, [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] formally claimed them, established a regular [[colony]] there and in 1668 gave the islands the official title of ''Las Marianas'', in honor of Spanish Queen [[Mariana of Austria]], widow of [[Philip IV of Spain|King Philip IV of Spain]] and Queen Regent of the [[Spanish Empire]] ruling during the minority of her son [[Charles II of Spain|King Charles II]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://governor.gov.mp/about-the-cnmi/ |title=About the CNMI |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Office of the Governor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817114911/https://governor.gov.mp/about-the-cnmi/ |archive-date=17 August 2020 |url-status=live |quote=In 1668, 147 years after Magellan's encounter, Fr. [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]], a Jesuit priest, arrived in The Marianas with the mission to convert and implement Christianity among the Chamorros, thus beginning the colonization of The Marianas by Spain. The islands were named after Queen Maria Ana of Spain.}}</ref> They then had a population of more than 50,000 inhabitants. With the arrival of passengers and settlers aboard the [[Manila Galleon]]s from the Americas, new [[infectious disease|diseases]] were introduced in the islands, which caused many deaths in the native [[Chamorros|Chamorro]] population.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Spencer |last=Tucker |title=The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA379 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2009 |page=379 |isbn=978-1-85109-951-1 |access-date=2015-11-22 |archive-date=2023-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925040729/https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA379 |url-status=live }}</ref> The native population, who referred to themselves as ''Taotao Tano'' (people of the land)<ref name="The Insular Empire">Warheit, Vanessa [http://www.theinsularempire.com "The Insular Empire: America in the Mariana Islands."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904174335/http://theinsularempire.com/ |date=2017-09-04 }} PBS (documentary). Accessed June 2012.</ref> but were known to the early Spanish colonists as ''Chamurres'' or ''HachaMori'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Jesuits at the Margins: Missions and Missionaries in the Marianas (1668-1769) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6M0CwAAQBAJ |first=Alexandre Coello |last=de la Rosa |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781317354536 |page=56 |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=2023-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925040729/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6M0CwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> eventually died out as a distinct people, though their descendants intermarried. At the [[Spanish-Chamorro Wars|Spanish occupation in 1668]], the Chamorros were estimated at 50,000, but a century later only 1,800 natives remained, as the majority of the population was of mixed Spanish-Chamorro blood or [[mestizo]].{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} They were characteristic [[Micronesians]], with a considerable civilization. On the island of [[Tinian]] are some remains attributed to them, consisting of [[House of Taga|two rows of massive square stone columns]], about {{convert|5|ft|4|in|m}} broad and {{convert|14|ft|m}} high, with heavy, round [[capital (architecture)|capitals]] called [[latte stone]]s. According to early Spanish accounts [[cinerary urn]]s were found embedded in the capitals.{{Dubious|date=January 2010}}<!-- [Contrary to all recorded burial practices] -->
When Spanish settlement started on 14 June 1668, they were subordinate to the Mexican colony (soon viceroyalty) of [[New Spain]], until 1817, when they became subordinated to the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Philippines]], as part of the [[Spanish East Indies]].
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[[File:Chamorro red rice.png|thumb|Chamorro red rice]]
Common dishes in the Mariana Islands include red rice, meat or poultry on the grill or in coconut milk, chicken [[kelaguen]], apigigi (young [[coconut]] with [[cassava]] paste wrapped in banana leaf),<ref>[http://www.annieschamorrokitchen.com/apigigi-or-sweet-tamales/ "Apigigi' or Sweet Tamales"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203172721/http://www.annieschamorrokitchen.com/apigigi-or-sweet-tamales/ |date=2014-12-03 }} (Aug. 10, 2013) Annie's Chamorro Kitchen</ref> and tropical fruits.
== See also ==
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