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{{Short description|Lake in Lazio Region, Italy}}
{{Infobox lakebody of water
|name = Lake Bracciano <br> Lago di Bracciano
|imagename = Lake Bracciano from<br> CastelloLago Orsini-Odescalchi.jpgdi Bracciano
|image = Lago di bracciano.jpg
|caption = From [[Castello Orsini-Odescalchi]], [[Bracciano]], in 2009
|image_bathymetry =
|caption_bathymetry =▼
|pushpin_map=Lazio
|location = Northern part of the [[Province of Rome]], [[Lazio]]▼
▲ |caption_bathymetry =
|coords ={{coord|42|07|16|N|12|13|55|E|region:IT_type:waterbody_source:dewiki|display=inline}}▼
▲ |location = Northern part of the [[Province of Rome]], [[Lazio]]
|type = [[crater lake]]
▲ |coords = {{coord|42|07|16|N|12|13|55|E|region:IT_type:waterbody_source:dewiki|display=inline}}
|inflow =
|type =
|inflow =
|outflow = [[Arrone (river)|Arrone]]
|catchment = {{convert|150|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|basin_countries = Italy
|length =
|width =
|area = [[1Orders E7of m²magnitude (area)#100 to 107 square metres|{{convert|56.76|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}]]
|depth =
|max-depth = {{convert|165|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|volume =
|residence_time =
|shore =
|elevation = {{convert|160|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|islands =
|cities = [[Bracciano]], [[Anguillara Sabazia]], [[Trevignano Romano]]
}}
 
[[File:Caldera Lakes to the North of Rome.jpg|thumb|right|View from space of Lake Bracciano and surroundings]]
'''Lake Bracciano''' ({{lang-it|Lago di Bracciano}}) is a [[lake]] of [[volcanic]] origin in the Italian region of [[Lazio]], {{nowrap|{{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}}}} northwest of [[Rome]]. It is the second largest lake in the region (second only to [[Lake Bolsena]]) and one of the major lakes of [[Italy]]. It has a circular perimeter of approximately {{nowrap|{{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}}}}. Its inflow is from precipitation runoff and percolation, and from underground springs, and its outflow is the [[Arrone (river)|Arrone]].
 
The lake owes its origin to intense volcanic and tectonic activity from 600,000 to 40,000 years before presentago, which created many small volcanoes in the ''Sabatino'' territory. The main [[magma|magma chamber]] was situated under the present lake of Bracciano. Its collapse created the [[caldera]]depressed area now occupied by the lake, which is not a [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]. Some small craters and [[caldera]]s are still recognisable around the lake and in the immediate vicinity (Martignano, Baccano, Sacrofano).
 
Three towns border the lake, [[Bracciano]], [[Anguillara Sabazia]] and [[Trevignano Romano]].
 
The lake is an important tourist attraction situated near Rome. As it serves as a drinking water reservoir for the city of [[Rome]], it has been under control since 1986 in order to avoid pollution of its waters. The use of motorboats is strictly forbidden (exceptions being made for a few professional fishermanfishermen and the authorities), and a centralised sewer system has been built for all the bordering towns in order to avoid any spoiling of the water quality. This, makesmaking Bracciano one of the cleanest lakes ofin [[Italy]]. The absence of motorized navigation (apart from police boats) favours sailing, canoeing and swimming.
 
In the last few years, the lake and its surroundings have been brought under further protection by the creation of a regional park, the ''Parco Regionale del complesso lacuale di Bracciano Martignano''.
 
UnderWater from the hills above the lake was transported to Rome by the [[PopeAqua Paul VTraiana]], waterdedicated in 109 CE.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://archive.archaeology.org/1203/features/rome_aqua_traiana_aqueduct_carestia.html | title = Rome's Lost Aqueduct | last = Taylor | first = Rabun | year = 2012 | website = [[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]] | access-date = 2022-08-30}}</ref> The aqueduct was broughtrestored fromin Lakethe Braccianoearly 17th century by [[Pope Paul V]], taking water to the Trastevere regionarea of Rome and (via the [[Ponte Sisto]]) to the [[Rione]] of [[Regola]].<ref>Piero Maria Lugli, Urbanistica di Roma, Roma 1998, p. 107</ref>
 
==History==
==La Marmotta Neolithic settlement==▼
[[File:Trevignano visto dal lago.jpg|thumb|[[Trevignano Romano]] seen from the lake]]
At La Marmotta,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Robert |last=Kunzig |first2=Jennifer (Photography) |last2=Tzar |title=La Marmotta |journal=Discover |date=November 2002 |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/cover |ref=CITEREFKunzig2002}}</ref> a few hundred meters outside the village of Anguillara Sabazia, remains of an [[Neolithic|Early Neolithic]] lakeshore village, datable 5700 BC have been found, in works overseen by [[Maria Antonietta Fugazzola|Maria Antonietta Fugazzola Delpino]], director of the [[Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography]] in [[Rome]], and president of the [[Italian Institute of Prehistory and Protohistory]]. Thick oak pilings driven more than two meters into the subsoil have survived, thanks to [[Anoxic sea water|anoxic]] lakebottom sediments; [[dendrochronology]] dates the settlement very accurately, for local tree-ring sequences have already been thoroughly established. The oldest post Fugazzola Delpino has discovered at La Marmotta dates from around 5,690 BC, but she thinks ongoing work may yet reveal the village to have been born a century or so earlier. She is more certain of when it died: within a decade or so of 5230 BC. "Since the sixth millennium BC, as the climate has grown wetter, the water level in Lake Bracciano has risen more than {{nowrap|25 feet}}, and so the ruins of the Neolithic lakeshore village are now buried in bottom mud 400 yards off shore" (Delpino 2002).▼
 
▲===La Marmotta Neolithic settlement===
The strongest evidence that the Marmottans came from far away, probably originally making their way [[Arrone (river)|Arrone]] to its source in Lake Bracciano, is simply that their culture was advanced. In the region around Lake Bracciano, according to Fugazzola Delpino, there is no sign of any but [[hunter-gatherer]]s before the settlement was built at La Marmotta. The builders of the village had at their disposal, from the start, the entire "[[Neolithic revolution|Neolithic package]]": domesticated animals and plants, ceramic pots, polished stone tools, just as though they had unloaded all those things from their boats.▼
▲At La Marmotta,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Robert |last=Kunzig |first2=Jennifer (Photography) |last2=Tzar |title=La Marmotta |journal=Discover |date=November 2002 |url=httphttps://www.discovermagazine.com/2002planet-earth/nov/coverla-marmotta |ref=CITEREFKunzig2002}} See also Paul Smaglik, [https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/neolithic-canoes-reveal-sea-change-in-construction-navigation-techniques "Neolithic Canoes Reveal Sea Change in Construction, Navigation Techniques"], on ''discovermagazine.com'', Mar 20, 2024.</ref> a few hundred meters outside the village of Anguillara Sabazia, remains of an [[Neolithic|Early Neolithic]] lakeshore village, datable 5700 BC have been found, in works overseen by [[Maria Antonietta Fugazzola|Maria Antonietta Fugazzola Delpino]], director of the [[Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography]] in [[Rome]], and president of the [[Italian Institute of Prehistory and Protohistory]]. Thick oak pilings driven more than two meters into the subsoil have survived, thanks to [[Anoxic sea water|anoxic]] lakebottomlake-bottom sediments; [[dendrochronology]] dates the settlement very accurately, for local tree-ring sequences have already been thoroughly established. The oldest post -Fugazzola Delpino has discovered at La Marmotta dates from around 5,690 BC, but she thinks ongoing work may yet reveal the village to have been born a century or so earlier. She is more certain of when it died: within a decade or so of 5230 BC. "Since the sixth millennium BC, as the climate has grown wetter, the water level in Lake Bracciano has risen more than {{nowrapConvert | 25 feet| ft | 0}}, and so the ruins of the Neolithic lakeshore village are now buried in bottom mud {{Convert | 400 yards| offyd}} shoreoffshore" (Delpino 2002).
 
▲The strongest evidence that the Marmottans came from far away, probably originally making their way along the [[Arrone (river)|Arrone]] to its source in Lake Bracciano, is simply that their culture was advanced. In the region around Lake Bracciano, according to Fugazzola Delpino, there is no sign of any but [[hunter-gatherer]]s before the settlement was built at La Marmotta. The builders of the village had at their disposal, from the start, the entire "[[Neolithic revolutionRevolution|Neolithic package]]": domesticated animals and plants, ceramic pots, polished stone tools, just as though they had unloaded all those things from their boats.
They kept sheep and goats; they brought pigs and cows with them too, and two breeds of dog, and they planted a wide variety of crops&mdash;wheat and barley &mdash;and collected others in the woods. "They had everything", says Fugazzola, "They ate grains, vegetables, and also lots of fruit – apples, plums, raspberries, strawberries" Especially in winter they supplemented their diet with acorns, which they stored in large ceramic jars. They cultivated flax to make linen. They planted [[Opium poppy|opium poppies]]" One of their boats has been recovered. A team of Czech archeologists built a copy of the boat and sailed it {{nowrap|500 miles}} along the Mediterranean coast to test its seaworthiness.▼
 
▲They kept sheep and goats; they brought pigs and cows with them too, and two breeds of dog, and they planted a wide variety of crops&mdash; wheat and barley &mdash; and collected others in the woods. "They had everything", says Fugazzola, "They ate grains, vegetables, and also lots of fruit – apples, plums, raspberries, strawberries" Especially in winter they supplemented their diet with acorns, which they stored in large ceramic jars. They cultivated flax to make linen. They planted [[Opium poppy|opium poppies]]" One of their boats has been recovered. A team of Czech archeologistsarchaeologists built a copy of the boat and sailed it {{nowrapConvert | 500 miles| mi}} along the Mediterranean coast to test its seaworthiness.
 
===Roman Era===
 
The area around the lake was always sparsely populated, but by the late Republic many waterfront villas had been built. The rich volcanic soil and the beautiful environment and views attracted rich patricians from Rome to build elaborate ''villae rusticae''.<ref>Accardo, S., et al. 2007. Sabatia Stagna: Insediamenti perilacustri ad Anguillara e dintorni in età romana. Pisa. 83–89</ref> Among these, [[Imperial Villa of Vicarello|Domitian's villa]] with thermal spa at Vicarello was the ultimate example.
 
However around the mid-1st century AD an environmental disaster occurred; the lake's water level rose, flooding the shore and many of the villas there more or less permanently.<ref>Cordiano, G. et al. 2011. Sabatia Stagna 2: Nuovi studi sugli insediamenti perilacustri di età romana nella zona del Lago di Bracciano. Pisa. 83–89</ref>
 
=== Legends ===
The lake was originally known as "Lake Sabatine," named after the adjacent Sabatine Mountains and the ancient volcanic system in the area. It is believed that a prosperous city called "Sabate" once stood nearby.
 
In the period between the 16th and 17th centuries, a German historian and geographer documented in "''Italia Antiqua''" that the lake's calm waters occasionally revealed the submerged outlines of statues and edifices.
 
Legend has it that '''Sabate''' was a flourishing city whose residents, however, strayed from ethical principles. In response, a deity unleashed a devastating catastrophe that obliterated the city, sparing only a virtuous young woman. She was instructed by the deity to flee and not look back. Pausing to rest where the small church of St. Maria del Riposo would later be built, the woman eventually glanced back towards Sabate. However, in place of the city, she saw a vast lake, which came to be known as Lake Sabatine or Lago di Bracciano (Lake Bracciano.)
 
==See also==
Line 54 ⟶ 73:
*[http://en.turismobracciano.com/what-you-should-see/lake-of-bracciano/ TurismoBracciano - The Lake of Bracciano]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130411051104/http://www.lagobraccianoturismo.it/ Bracciano Tourism website]
*[https://rometravelogues.com/lake-bracciano-italy-things-to-do-guide/ A Local's Guide to Visiting Lake Bracciano]
{{commons category|position=left|Lake Bracciano}}
 
 
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Line 62 ⟶ 81:
{{coord|42|07|16|N|12|13|55|E|region:IT_type:waterbody_source:dewiki|display=title}}
 
{{authority control}}
 
[[Category:CraterVolcanic crater lakes|Bracciano]]
[[Category:Lakes of Lazio|Bracciano]]
[[Category:Volcanic lakes of Italy|Bracciano]]
Line 70 ⟶ 90:
[[Category:Regional parks of Italy]]
[[Category:Falisci]]
[[Category:Calderas of Italy|Bracciano]]
[[Category:6th millennium BC]]
[[Category:Pleistocene Europe]]
[[Category:Pleistocene volcanoescalderas]]
[[Category:Italic archaeologicalArchaeological sites in Lazio]]
[[Category:Roman villas in Italy]]
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