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===North America===
In the beginning of the 20th century, homosexuality was considered a mental illness and used to bar homosexuals from immigrating into the United States, and Canada.<ref name=bashford/> Canada allowed for homosexual immigration in 1991.<ref name="seekingasylum2"/>
==== Mexico ====
Studies on LGBT migration in the [[Mexico]]-[[Central America]] region have indicated that LGBT individuals are particularly vulnerable to violence stemming from [[homophobia]] or [[transphobia]], as well as risks such as physical and [[sexual violence]], experiences many have already endured throughout their lives, often resulting in trauma. Many LGBT migrants, particularly [[gay men]] and [[Trans woman|trans women]], engage in or return to [[sex work]] during waiting periods to survive and continue their journeys, exposing themselves to violence and risks to their physical and emotional health.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cortés |first=Almudena |date=2018-06-19 |title=Violencia de género y frontera: migrantes centroamericanas en México hacia los EEUU |url=https://www.erlacs.org/article/10.18352/erlacs.10321/ |journal=European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies {{!}} Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe |issue=105 |pages=39 |doi=10.18352/erlacs.10321 |issn=1879-4750}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Llanes-Díaz |first1=Nathaly |last2=Odgers-Ortiz |first2=Olga |last3=Bojórquez-Chapela |first3=Ietza |last4=Valenzuela-Barreras |first4=José Francisco |date=December 2023 |title=Narrative strategies to re-signify sexual violence among gender and sexuality diverse Central American migrants in Tijuana |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13691058.2023.2233579 |journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality |language=en |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=1612–1625 |doi=10.1080/13691058.2023.2233579 |pmid=37477878 |issn=1369-1058}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Soria-Escalante |first1=Hada |last2=Alday-Santiago |first2=Alejandra |last3=Alday-Santiago |first3=Erika |last4=Limón-Rodríguez |first4=Natalia |last5=Manzanares-Melendres |first5=Pamela |last6=Tena-Castro |first6=Adriana |date=April 2022 |title="We All Get Raped": Sexual Violence Against Latin American Women in Migratory Transit in Mexico |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10778012211013909 |journal=Violence Against Women |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1259–1281 |doi=10.1177/10778012211013909 |pmid=34096387 |issn=1077-8012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yarwood |first1=Vanessa |last2=Checchi |first2=Francesco |last3=Lau |first3=Karen |last4=Zimmerman |first4=Cathy |date=2022-01-13 |title=LGBTQI + Migrants: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework of Health, Safety and Wellbeing during Migration |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=869 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19020869 |doi-access=free |pmid=35055698 |pmc=8775429 |issn=1660-4601}}</ref>
Moreover, they encounter social inequalities such as [[racism]], [[xenophobia]], and economic oppression during their migration journeys. In the case of trans women, some are compelled to present themselves in a masculine manner during migration, impacting their gender expression, for which many were threatened and persecuted in their countries of origin.<ref name=":9" />
During bureaucratic processes, LGBT individuals seeking legal migration face homophobia or transphobia, as well as systems ill-equipped to handle their cases and instances of abuse of power. Transgender individuals, especially women, frequently experience sexual assaults and discrimination in shelters where they are denied spaces corresponding to their gender identity. In shelters dedicated to LGBT migrants specifically, their freedom to express gender and sexuality is compromised by controls over aspects such as friendships, sexual relationships, and expressions of love.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cadena |first1=Kenia Ortiz |last2=Castañeda-Camey |first2=Nicté |last3=Sánchez |first3=Rubén García |date=September 2020 |title=Migrantes LGBT+ en las caravanas centroamericanas hacia Estados Unidos: dilemas y posibilidades para la construcción de redes de hospitalidad |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1980-85852020000300071&tlng=es |journal=REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana |volume=28 |issue=60 |pages=71–94 |doi=10.1590/1980-85852503880006005 |issn=2237-9843}}</ref>[[File:2019 CSD Kölm 058.jpg|thumb|LGBT refugees at a demonstration in [[Cologne]], [[Germany]], 2019.]]
==== Canada ====
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In the United States, the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] became the first policy to explicitly prevent "sexual deviates" from entering the country, and it also required the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] (INS) to deport these individuals.<ref>Pickert, Jeremiah. "Immigration for Queer Couples: A Comparative Analysis Explaining the United States' Restrictive Approach ." A Worldwide Student Journal of Politics. {{cite web|url=http://lilt.ilstu.edu/critique/fall2012docs/pickert-post1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=October 22, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060328/http://lilt.ilstu.edu/critique/fall2012docs/pickert-post1.pdf |archive-date=October 23, 2013 }} (accessed October 20, 2013).</ref>
Since "sexual deviance" was regarded as a medical condition, sexual minority immigrants used to be banned from entering the United States for a long period of time. In 1994, a new policy was introduced that allowed sexual minorities to be regarded as members of a particular social group that might face persecution in their home country. After introduction of this policy LGBT people became qualifying for asylum seeking in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |
In the United States, judges and immigration officials require that homosexuality must be socially visible in order for sexual persecution to be a viable complaint. Additionally, homosexuality must be a permanent and inherent characteristic to be considered by U.S. immigration officials.<ref name="glen.ie">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062317/http://www.glen.ie/attachments/b71882f9-c67f-4ad7-84ed-03e50ecd8e5a.PDF Gay Lesbian Equality Network. 2011. "Immigration Provisions in Ireland."]</ref> Currently, the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) will consider LGBT refugee and asylum claims in their immigration courts, but as a result of cumbersome legal processes, LGBT individuals who are applying for asylum often have a difficult time representing themselves properly in court.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alvarez-Hernandez|first=Luis|title=Whose Land of the Free? Latina Transgender Immigrants in the United States|url=http://www.iisb.org/pdf/june2019/23.%20Whose%20Land%20of%20the%20Free%20Latina%20Transgender%20Immigrants%20in%20the%20United%20States.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality, & Culture|volume=5|pages=135–147}}</ref>
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===Asia===
LGBT rights in
{{See also|LGBT rights in Taiwan}}
In 2017, same-sex
====Israel====
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Due to the nature of sexuality and gender claims, applicants often encounter issues with the credibility of their stories.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Sexuality and gender identification is a private expression that cannot be determined by appearance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vogler|first=Stefan|date=2016|title=Legally Queer: The Construction of Sexuality in LGBQ Asylum Claims|journal=Law & Society Review|volume=50|issue=4|pages=856–889|doi=10.1111/lasr.12239}}</ref> In seeking asylum, applicants are expected to prove their sexual or gender orientation as a proof of being a part of a particular social membership. They are also expected to prove that they are in fear of their life.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Forbear|first=Katherine|date=2015|title="I Thought We Had No Rights" - Challenges in Listening, Storytelling, and Representation of LGBT Refugees|journal=Studies in Social Justice|volume=9}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Applicants applying for asylum due to sexual orientation are asked to present an "identity narrative".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wagner|first=Neva|date=Winter 2016|title=B is for Bisexual: The Forgotten Letter in U.K. Sexual Orientation Asylum Reform|journal=Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems|volume=26}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> There are several different credibility obstacles that applicants face during the application process.
The process of proving bad experiences in home countries is one of the biggest challenges for LGBT asylum seekers. Many LGBT asylum seekers do not have any written records of being persecuted in their home countries which could increase their chances of being granted political asylum. They are also likely to find it difficult to explain their identity and past experiences in a way that is expected from them by immigration officials. LGBT migrants may not be familiar with the appropriate "identity narrative". LGBT asylum seekers might also feel fear, guilt, or shame to talk about their sexuality or identity. Some of them may have been psychologically traumatized in their home countries, which also prevents them from successfully proving their bad experiences.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.18772/22021097106 |title=Seeking Sanctuary: Stories of Sexuality, Faith and Migration |date=2021 |publisher=Wits University Press |doi=10.18772/22021097106.7|jstor=10.18772/22021097106 }}</ref>
According to Neva Wagner, asylum claims in the United Kingdom face a "notorious challenge". Over 98% of sexual orientation claims were denied in the United Kingdom between 2005 and 2009, compared to the 76.5% refusal rating for all asylum applicants.
Bisexual claimants face an even greater challenge in providing evidence that immigration officials expect in asylum cases due to their dual sexuality. This can lead to a lack of clarity and understanding of their experiences.<ref>{{Citation |last=Klesse |first=Christian |title=On the government of bisexual bodies: asylum case law and the biopolitics of bisexual erasure |date=2021 |work=Queer Migration and Asylum in Europe |pages=109–131 |editor-last=Mole |editor-first=Richard C. M. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv17ppc7d.13 |access-date=2024-04-02 |publisher=UCL Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv17ppc7d.13 |jstor=j.ctv17ppc7d.13 |isbn=978-1-78735-587-3}}</ref> In bisexuality claims, claimants must demonstrate that they are at risk for persecution, even if their sexuality allows them to act in a heterosexual manner. The common preassumption that bisexuals are able to choose partners from the opposite sex is one of the main reasons why they have more obstacles in the process of asylum seeking.<ref>{{Cite web |last=thisisloyal.com |first=Loyal {{!}} |title=LGBTQI+ Refugees and Asylum Seekers |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lgbtqi-refugees-asylum-seekers/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Williams Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>
British claimants also require evidence from an "expert witness"—someone with expertise on the country in which the person seeks asylum—and some countries require a medical documentation of physical and psychological harm done. These requirements decrease the credibility of the asylum seeker's own testimony as well as relying on [[Homonationalism|homonationalist]] ideas to determine who is "queer enough".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=David A. B. |date=2016 |title=Queer Forms: Producing Documentation in Sexual Orientation Refugee Cases |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43955539 |journal=Anthropological Quarterly |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=465–484 |doi=10.1353/anq.2016.0035 |jstor=43955539 |s2cid=152136033 |issn=0003-5491}}</ref>
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=== Psychological aspect of LGBT migration ===
Research indicates that LGBT asylum seekers may suffer from poor mental health outcomes due to emotional traumas that they faced in their home countries as well as while going through the immigration process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=thisisloyal.com |first=Loyal {{!}} |title=LGBTQI+ Refugees and Asylum Seekers |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lgbtqi-refugees-asylum-seekers/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Williams Institute |language=en-US
==See also==
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*{{cite book |last1=Atshan |first1=Sa'ed |title=Queer Palestine and the Empire of Critique |date=2020 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-1240-2 |chapter=Global Solidarity and the Politics of Pinkwashing}}
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[[Category:Immigration and
[[Category:
[[Category:Refugees by type]]
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