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{{About||the American judge|John Rolph (judge)|other uses|John Rolfe (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox officeholder
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'''John Rolph''' (4
Rolph grew up in
[[William Lyon Mackenzie]] persuaded Rolph to support the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837. When the rebellion began, Rolph did not join the rebels at their headquarters and the Lieutenant Governor appointed him as his emissary to deliver the government's offer of a truce. Rolph fled to the US after the rebellion and focused on practising and teaching medicine. The Canadian government granted him amnesty and he returned to Canada in 1843, later creating a new medical institution called the Rolph School in Toronto. In 1851 he was elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada]] and focused on his political career; upon the formation of the Morin-MacNab administration three years later, Rolph's priority returned to running his school. He retired as dean of his medical school in 1870 and died later that year after suffering a [[stroke]].
==Early life and education==
Rolph was born on 4 March 1793, in [[Thornbury, Gloucestershire]].{{sfn|Johnson|1989|p=223}} His father was Thomas Rolph, a surgeon from [[Grovesend]].{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=17}} His mother was Frances Petty. Rolph was their fourth child and eldest surviving son. He was baptized at St. Mary's parish church.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=12}} He moved to Cambridge in 1809 to study law and medicine at [[St John's College, Cambridge]], then transferred to the [[Inner Temple]], London, and [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]], to study law in 1811.{{sfn|Johnson|1989|p=223}}{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=16}}
[[File:Fort Niagara - aerial (2) (22296408596).jpg|thumb|left|alt=An aerial photo of Fort Niagara. The fort is in an unusual geometric shape, with a triangle visible at the bottom of the image.|Rolph was suspected of sketching Fort Niagara, pictured here in 2013]]
In 1812 he travelled to [[Upper Canada]] to join his parents, who had emigrated four years prior.{{sfn|Read|2004}} The ship he was travelling on was to make port at New York City; while he was crossing the Atlantic Ocean, the [[War of 1812]] began and Rolph received a special passport from American president [[James Madison]] to travel to Upper Canada. Rolph went to the [[Niagara River]] intending to continue travelling to Canada when it was safe to cross the river.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=11}} While waiting, he tried to solve one of [[Euclid]]'s geometry problems; his problem-solving tactic involved drawing shapes. American authorities suspected these were sketches of [[Fort Niagara]] and arrested him. He was taken to a [[Prisoner-of-war camp|prisoner of war camp]] in [[Greenbush, Rensselaer County, New York|Greenbush, New York]]. While imprisoned, he taught mathematics and grammar to other prisoners to alleviate his boredom.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=18}} After the 13 October 1812 [[Battle of Queenston Heights]], American forces released him in a prisoner swap with the British and he finished his journey to Canada to live on his father's farm in [[Port Talbot, Ontario|Port Talbot]].{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=17}}{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=23}} Upon its creation in 1813, Rolph became [[paymaster]] for the [[Canadian Militia|2nd Norfolk militia]].{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=33}} Rolph was sent by [[Thomas Talbot (Upper Canada)|Thomas Talbot]], the colonel in charge of the militia, to York to ask for aide from the Upper Canadian government after Americans destroyed most of the mills west of [[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]].{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=33}} Rolph remained employed with the militia after the war, possibly because his family needed the wages to sustain themselves. The deputy inspector of accounts, a British government administrator, accused Rolph of accepting claims from officers who did not provide the appropriate vouchers. Although Rolph denied this accusation, he was considered in [[Default (finance)|default]] to the government and his application for {{convert|800|acres}} of land as a retired officer was denied.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|pp=36–37}} Rolph initiated an organizing committee to honour Thomas Talbot as the founder of Port Talbot and Rolph inaugurated the first celebration of the town's creation on 21 May 1817.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=38}}{{sfn|Craig|1976}}
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==Reform politician==
Rolph was discontent with the political clique that ruled Upper Canada called the [[Family Compact]], which concentrated political power in the colony to a small group of conservative families. The group's political influence stalled government infrastructure, such as building roads throughout the colony, and made it difficult for those outside the faction to acquire land grants. When in York, Rolph would sometimes visit the home of [[William Warren Baldwin]] and speak with other reform-minded politicians.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|pp=46–48}} In 1824, Rolph ran for the [[9th Parliament of Upper Canada]] to represent [[Middlesex County, Ontario|Middlesex County]]. He campaigned on making land deeds easier to obtain, improving public education, and ensuring that all voters were able to participate in the election. Rolph obtained the highest number of votes{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|pp=55–56}} and was elected as one of the representatives, with [[John Matthews (Upper Canada politician)|John Matthews]] elected as the other.{{sfn|Armstrong|1985|p=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofupperc0000arms/page/82 82]}} In the legislature, Rolph aligned with [[Reform movement (Upper Canada)|Reform politicians]]{{sfn|Craig|1976}} and was considered their leader in the 1820s.{{sfn|Kilbourn|1967|p=[https://archive.org/details/firebrandwilliam00kilb/page/61/ 61]}}
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==Return to medicine==
In 1828, Judge [[John Walpole Willis]] ruled that the court of Upper Canada could not determine cases unless all the judges were present. Willis's ruling nullified most of the court's decisions since its establishment in 1794. Judge [[Levius Peters Sherwood]] continued to hold hearings and did not express his opinion on Wallis's ruling. Rolph and other lawyers submitted a request to the court for Sherwood to state his opinion on the ruling. When Sherwood refused, Rolph protested in the courtroom by taking off his lawyer's gown. Concerned that this protest would cause judges to become biased against him, Rolph refused new clients.{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=26}} He sold his law practice to his brother [[George Rolph|George]] in 1832 and focused on his medical career.{{sfn|Gryfe|1975|p=973}}{{sfn|Muggeridge|1959|p=222}}
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==Municipal politics==
At the beginning of 1833, Rolph was appointed to a committee to examine the incorporation of York to become the city of Toronto.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=126}} Later that year, he was appointed to a subcommittee that established the boundaries of the city and the five wards that would elect the councillors and [[Alderman|aldermen]] to Toronto's city council.{{sfn|Dunham|1963|p=[https://archive.org/details/politicalunresti0000unse/page/166/ 166]}} In Toronto's first city council election in 1834, Rolph declined to run on the Reform slate and was endorsed by the Tories to be elected in St. Patrick's ward; the Tories hoped that other Reformers on the council would select Rolph over [[William Lyon Mackenzie]] to be the city's first mayor.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|pp=126–127}} He was elected as an alderman and councillor for the ward and ran to be Toronto's first mayor, but lost to Mackenzie because the Reform majority on the council wanted Mackenzie to be honoured as the city's first mayor. Rolph resigned from the council after his defeat.{{sfn|Craig|1976}} In 1834, he married Grace Haines; they had three sons and a daughter.{{sfn|Johnson|1989|p=223}}{{sfn|Craig|1976}} Prior to the 1834 cholera outbreak, Rolph was appointed as a doctor to the reestablished Cholera Hospital.{{Sfn|Bilson|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/darkenedhousecho0000bils/page/85 85]}} When Toronto declared the outbreak, Rolph was appointed to the board of the Cholera Hospital.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=129}}
==Return to provincial politics==
[[File:Third Parliament Buildings 1834.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A painting of the Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada, depicted in brown in the background facing leftward while people mingle along a road and creek in the foreground.|[[John George Howard]]'s portrait of the third Parliament Building in York, built between 1829 and 1832 at [[Front Street (Toronto)|Front Street]]]]
Rolph ran for a seat in the [[13th Parliament of Upper Canada]] in 1836 to represent [[Norfolk County, Ontario|Norfolk County]]. He became a candidate because he believed he had reestablished his political career when he joined the executive council.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=138}} He did not campaign in the constituency but was elected with the largest margin among Reform candidates, while [[David Duncombe]] was elected the other legislator from Norfolk.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=140}}{{sfn|Read|1982|p=[https://archive.org/details/trent_0116300717018/page/62/ 62]}} He was one of the few Reformers elected to the legislative assembly in that year and led the Reform party in Parliament.{{sfn|Craig|1976}}
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==Upper Canada Rebellion==
===Planning===
On 28 July 1837, radical reformers planned a congress to address grievances against the Upper Canada government and appointed Rolph as a congress delegate. He did not attend the meeting, but might have drafted a declaration outlining the reasons why a rebellion in Upper Canada was justified. His views on the meeting or a rebellion at that moment were not published or written down.{{sfn|Muggeridge|1959|p=225}}
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Rolph joined the rebellion to bring more independence to the legislature which would then more closely resemble the British governance system.{{sfn|Mills|1988|p=[https://archive.org/details/ideaofloyaltyinu0000mill/page/98/ 98]}} He was hesitant to immediately begin the rebellion and wanted to survey support in rural areas. He sent Mackenzie north of Toronto to determine the level of support among farmers.{{sfn|Schrauwers|2009|p=197}} Having learned Mackenzie planned to hold the rebellion in December, Rolph insisted that [[Anthony Van Egmond]], a retired military officer from the [[Napoleonic Wars]], should lead the military operation.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=152}}
===Rebellion and
On 2 December 1837, Rolph learned the government was going to arrest Mackenzie. He sent a message to warn him and suggested starting the rebellion on 4 December.{{sfn|Craig|1976}}{{sfn|Read|1982|p=[https://archive.org/details/trent_0116300717018/page/82/ 82]}} [[Samuel Lount]] received the message and told the rebels to gather in Montgomery's Tavern north of Toronto to begin the rebellion.{{sfn|Craig|1976}} Rebel leaders met on 4 December. After learning that the Lower Canada Rebellion had failed, Rolph advised abandoning their plan and dispersing the assembled troops.{{sfn|Kilbourn|1967|p=[https://archive.org/details/firebrandwilliam00kilb/page/164 164]}} The other leaders convinced him to support the plan{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=155}} and Rolph returned to Toronto.{{sfn|Sewell|2002|p=153}}
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==Years in the US==
[[File:DENT(1885) 1.008 JOHN ROLPH.jpg|thumb|left|alt=See caption|A portrait of Rolph at age 45]]
On 12 December 1837, Rolph and Mackenzie recruited [[Rensselaer Van Rensselaer]] to lead American volunteers, calling themselves Patriots, in an Upper Canada invasion. Rolph promised rebels would not interfere with Van Rensselaer's military operations, while Van Rensselaer claimed Rolph was president of the Executive Council for the Upper Canadian uprising.{{Sfn|Gates|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GNaXwTY03v8C&pg=PA19 19]}} Rolph consented to have his name added to Mackenzie's State of Upper Canada proclamation as an endorser.{{Sfn|Gates|1996|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GNaXwTY03v8C&pg=PA22 22–23]}}
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==Return to Canada==
===Medical practice===
Rolph was received amnesty in 1843 and returned to Toronto in August.{{sfn|Craig|1976}} He renovated the rear portion of his house into a [[Dissection|dissecting]] room and held medical lectures there. In January 1844 he reestablished his medical school.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=177}} Initially called the Rolph School,{{sfn|Baehre|1995|p=119}} an Act of Legislature in 1851 incorporated it as the Toronto School of Medicine.{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=28}} He advertised the school as an alternative to the university education students could receive at [[University of Toronto|King's College]] in Toronto.{{sfn|Craig|1976}}
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===Return to politics===
In 1849, the Parliament of the Province of Canada passed the [[Rebellion Losses Bill]], which compensated citizens who had lost property during the Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions. Citizens in Toronto opposed to the bill rioted. They believed it would financially compensate participants in the rebellions and blamed Reformers, including Rolph, for its passage. Rolph's family hid while rioters threw rocks through the windows of his house.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=194}} In 1851, he was elected to represent Norfolk County in the [[Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada]] and withdrew from running the administrative tasks of his medical school.{{sfn|Craig|1976}}{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=28}}
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===Focus on medical career===
Upon the formation of the Morin-MacNab administration, Rolph's attendance in the legislature declined as he focused on his medical career.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=235}} In 1854, the Toronto School of Medicine merged with [[Victoria University, Toronto|Victoria College]] to become Victoria College's medical school.{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=31}} The medical staff at the school clashed with Rolph's autocratic leadership style, and opposed moving the school to a new location in the [[Yorkville, Toronto|Yorkville neighbourhood]] in Toronto.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=241}} They brought their grievances to the college's board of directors, but the board sided with Rolph and the medical staff resigned en masse.{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=31}} The college's students remained at Victoria College, and he remained dean of its medical faculty.{{sfn|Duffin|1990|pp=16–17}} He taught all the courses for the first two weeks of the school year while recruiting new faculty members.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=241}} In 1856, the former staff established their own medical school and called it Toronto School of Medicine.{{sfn|Craig|1976}}{{sfn|Kett|1967|pp=349–350}} Rolph attempted to advertise his school as "the medical department of Victoria College – The Toronto School of Medicine". His former staff successfully sued Rolph and stopped him from using the Toronto School of Medicine branding.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|pp=241–242}}
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==Retirement and death==
Rolph suffered a minor [[stroke]] in 1861 and lost the function of his right arm. In 1870, he was in declining health, so Victoria College appointed [[William Canniff]] as a sub-Dean to help administer the school.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|pp=250–251}} Rolph did not accept Canniff's help and retired from the position.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=251}}{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=32}} That summer, he had several minor strokes and lived with his daughter and her husband in [[Mitchell, Ontario]].{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=251}} He suffered another stroke and died in Mitchell on 19 October 1870.{{sfn|Craig|1976}}{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=32}} He was buried in [[Little Trinity Anglican Church|Trinity Church]] in Toronto on 22 October.{{sfn|Read|2004}}
==Philosophy and views==
===Religious beliefs===
Rolph was a member of the [[Church of England]].{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=59}} He believed religious institutions deteriorated when government money supported them.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|pp=143–144}} Rolph's medical school did not require faculty or students to join a particular religion or denomination.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=187}}
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===Medical views===
Rolph sought the latest medical trends in North America and Europe while practising medicine. He cited these trends when teaching at his school but also gave counterarguments to the theories presented in his lectures.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=202}} His research focused on the [[Morphology (biology)|structure of organisms]], and he was willing to research ideas that were considered fringe.{{sfn|Duffin|1990|p=18}} Rolph did not focus research attention or his curriculum on studying [[pathology|the causes and effects of diseases]] or diagnosing patients.{{sfn|Duffin|1990|p=24}} He experimented on animals to understand how the body reacts when approaching death.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=202}} Rolph incorporated a French style of teaching medicine in which he treated patients at a hospital in front of his students.{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=181}} In lectures at the end of his life, Rolph still taught older remedies to his students, including [[bloodletting]].{{sfn|Godfrey|1993|p=249}}
===Political views===
Throughout his political career, Rolph aligned with the Reform movement, with the historian John Muggeridge calling him an "advanced reformer".{{sfn|Muggeridge|1959|p=218}} During the 1830s, more radical members of the Reform movement such as William Lyon Mackenzie were frustrated with Rolph's more moderate views. In defending his position, Rolph stated that he agreed with the Reform movement's principles and questioned the benefits of the more radical opinions of some of their members.{{sfn|Muggeridge|1959|p=222}} Thus, Rolph was seen as a more moderate Reformer, which helped him get elected in the 1836 election while most Reformers were defeated.{{sfn|Craig|1976}} Although he supported reform causes, his status and wealth would cause him to benefit more from keeping the political status quo.{{sfn|Muggeridge|1959|p=226}} He believed that if liberal positions were adopted, God would succeed against the negative consequences and influence of wealth.{{sfn|Muggeridge|1959|p=229}}
==Legacy==
===Historical reputation===
Marian A. Patterson described Rolph as the "Father of Medical Education in Upper Canada".{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=15}} The Act for the Better Management of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum bill that he proposed was part of a wider trend to transfer control of asylums away from ordinary members of society and towards medical professionals.{{sfn|Dunlop|2006|pp=206–207}} However, his disputes with other medical schools and factions caused public trust of medical professionals and their ability to regulate themselves to decrease.{{sfn|Dunlop|2006|p=207}} His contemporaries highlighted his abilities as a researcher and public speaker but also accused him of lying and manipulating facts.{{sfn|Dunlop|2006|p=24}} Rolph used his reputation and political influence to control the governing councils of the Toronto hospitals and the medical licensing body of Upper Canada.{{sfn|Duffin|1990|p=11}}
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===In memoriam===
A portrait of Rolph, painted in 1836, hangs in the library of the [[Academy of Medicine of Toronto]]. Rolph's pocket watch, given to him by a co-worker during the Upper Canada Rebellion, is displayed under the portrait.{{sfn|Patterson|1961|p=15}} Rolph Road Public School in [[Leaside]], a neighbourhood in Toronto, was named for Rolph and opened in 1939.{{sfn|Pitfield|2000|p=121}}
==References==
{{
==Works cited==
{{Refbegin|28em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Frederick Henry |url=http://archive.org/details/handbookofupperc0000arms |title=Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology |publisher=[[Dundurn Press]] |year=1985 |isbn=978-1-55488-183-3 |location=Toronto}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Baehre |first=Rainer |date=1995 |title=The Medical Profession in Upper Canada Reconsidered: Politics, Medical Reform, and Law in a Colonial Society |journal=[[Canadian Bulletin of Medical History]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=101–124 |doi=10.3138/cbmh.12.1.101 |pmid=11609091 |issn=0823-2105|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Bilson |first=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Bilson |url=http://archive.org/details/darkenedhousecho0000bils |title=A Darkened House: Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Canada |date=1980 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=978-0-8020-2367-4 |location=Toronto}}
* {{Cite book |last=Craig |first=Gerald M. |url=http://archive.org/details/uppercanadaforma0000crai |title=Upper Canada: the Formative Years 1784–1841 |publisher=[[McClelland & Stewart|McClelland and Stewart]] |year=1963 |isbn=978-0-7710-2311-8 |location=Toronto}}
* {{
* {{Cite journal |last=Duffin |first=Jacalyn|author-link=Jacalyn Duffin |date=1990 |title=In View of the Body of Job Broom: A Glimpse of the Medical Knowledge and Practice of John Rolph |journal=[[Canadian Bulletin of Medical History]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=9–30 |doi=10.3138/cbmh.7.1.9 |pmid=11622357 |issn=0823-2105|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Dunham |first=Aileen |url=http://archive.org/details/politicalunresti0000unse |title=Political Unrest in Upper Canada, 1815–1836 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |year=1963 |isbn=978-0-8371-7474-7 |location=Toronto}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dunlop |first=Joseph |date=2006 |title=Politics, Patronage and Scandal at the Provincial Lunatic Asylum, 1848–1857 |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/onhistory/2006-v98-n2-onhistory04969/1065825ar/ |journal=Ontario History |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=183–208 |doi=10.7202/1065825ar |issn=0030-2953 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Forbes |first=James |date=2016 |title=Contesting the Protestant Consensus: Voluntarists, Methodists, and the Persistence of Evangelical Dissent in Upper Canada, 1829–1854 |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/onhistory/2016-v108-n2-onhistory03906/1050594ar/ |journal=Ontario History |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=189–214 |doi=10.7202/1050594ar |issn=0030-2953|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Gates |first=Lillian F. |title=After the Rebellion: The Later Years of William Lyon Mackenzie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNaXwTY03v8C |year=1996 |publisher=Dundurn Press|location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-55488-069-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Godfrey |first=Charles| author-link=Charles Godfrey (physician) |title=John Rolph: Rebel with Causes |publisher=Condam Publishing |year=1993 |isbn=0-921453-04-3|location=Madoc, Ontario}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gryfe |first=A. |date=1975 |title=Dr. John Rolph – Physician, Lawyer and Rebel. |journal=[[Canadian Medical Association Journal]] |volume=113 |issue=10 |pages=971–974 |issn=0008-4409 |pmc=1956571 |pmid=1104128}}
* {{
* {{Cite journal |last=Kett |first=Joseph F. |date=1967 |title=American and Canadian Medical Institutions, 1800–1870 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]] |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=343–356 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/XXII.4.343 |jstor=24621810 |issn=0022-5045}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kilbourn |first=William Morley|author-link=William Kilbourn |url=http://archive.org/details/firebrandwilliam00kilb |title=The Firebrand: William Lyon Mackenzie and the Rebellion in Upper Canada |publisher=[[Clarke, Irwin & Company]]|year=1967 |isbn=978-1-77070-324-7 |location=Toronto}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mills |first=David |url=http://archive.org/details/ideaofloyaltyinu0000mill |title=The Idea of Loyalty in Upper Canada, 1784–1850 |publisher=McGill-McQueen's University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-7735-0660-2 |location=Kingston, Ontario}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Muggeridge |first=John |date=1959 |title=John Rolph – A Reluctant Rebel |journal=Ontario History |volume=51|issue=4 |pages=217–229|issn=0030-2953}}
* {{Cite book |last=Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lZn-hkbjg8C&pg=PA82 |title=Canadian State Trials: Rebellion and Invasion in the Canadas, 1837–1839 |date=1996 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-3748-0 |editor-last=Greenwood |editor-first=F. Murray |editor-last2=Wright |editor-first2=Barry |location=Toronto}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Marian A. |date=1961 |title=The Life and Times of the Hon. John Rolph, M.D. (1793–1870) |journal=[[Medical History (journal)|Medical History]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=15–33 |doi=10.1017/S0025727300025898 |issn=2048-8343 |pmc=1034582 |pmid=13733371 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pitfield |first=Jane|author-link=Jane Pitfield |url=http://archive.org/details/leaside0000unse |title=Leaside |date=2000 |publisher=Natural Heritage Books|location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-896219-54-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Read |first=Colin |url=http://archive.org/details/trent_0116300717018 |title=The Rising in Western Upper Canada, 1837–8: The Duncombe Revolt and After |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-8020-5498-2 |location=Toronto}}
* {{Cite ODNB |last=Read |first=Colin Frederick |date=
* {{Cite book |last=Schrauwers |first=Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2IoT52rAFrIC |title='Union
* {{Cite book |last=Sewell |first=John |author-link=John Sewell |title=Mackenzie: a Political Biography of William Lyon Mackenzie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Dln_PbvYtUC |year=2002 |publisher=James Lorimer Limited |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-55028-767-7 |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105130219/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Dln_PbvYtUC |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}
{{Members of the Reform Movement (Upper Canada)}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1793 births]]
[[Category:1870 deaths]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario]]▼
[[Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West]]
[[Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada]]
[[Category:
[[Category:
[[Category:Upper Canada Rebellion people]]
▲[[Category:English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario]]
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