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[[Classical yoga]] emphasizes the practice of [[Dhyana in Hinduism (Self-knowledge)|dhyana]] (meditation), and this is an element of all three classical paths in Hinduism, including ''jñāna yoga''.{{sfn|Matilal|2005|p=4928}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=73}} In the Bhagavad Gita, ''jnana'' is equated with [[samkhya]] (yoga), the discernment of [[purusha]], pure consciousness, as different from [[prakriti]], matter and material desires. This discernment is possible when the mind has been calmed by the practice of ''dhyana'', meditation.
According to Jones and Ryan, ''jnana'' in ''jnana yoga'' context is better understood as "realization or gnosis", referring to a "path of study" wherein one knows the unity between self and ultimate reality called Brahman in Hinduism. This explanation is found in the ancient [[Upanishad]]s and the [[Bhagavad Gita]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|pp=2, 215}} This is typical for Advaita Vedanta, where ''jnana'' involves the recognition of the identity of ''jivatman'' and Brahman. According to Bimal Matilal, ''jnana yoga'' in [[Advaita Vedanta]] connotes both primary and secondary sense of its meaning, that is "self-consciousness, awareness" in the absolute sense and relative "intellectual understanding" respectively.{{sfn|Matilal|2005|p=4928}} While contemporay Advaita Vedanta and neo-Vedanta incorporate meditation, Adi Shankara relied on insight alone, based
Of the three different paths to liberation, ''jnana marga'' and ''karma marga'' are the more ancient, traceable to Vedic era literature.<ref name="Klostermaier2007p119"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C|year=2002|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6|page=48}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> All three paths are available to any seeker, chosen based on inclination, aptitude and personal preference,<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C|year=2002|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6|pages=371–373}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=nadkarni45>{{cite book|author=M. V. Nadkarni|title=The Bhagavad-Gita for the Modern Reader: History, interpretations and philosophy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x_EwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT46| year=2016|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1-315-43898-6|pages= 45–46}}</ref> and typically elements of all three to varying degrees are practiced by many Hindus.<ref name="Klostermaier2007p119"/><ref name="Fowler2012xl">{{cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|title=The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zU4E5ZidVr0C|year=2012|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-84519-346-1|pages=xxviii, xl–xliv}}</ref>
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