Hardboiled: Difference between revisions

The style was pioneered by [[Carroll John Daly]] in the mid-1920s,<ref>{{cite news| title= Black Mask | first = I | last = Ousby | work= The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English | year = 1995 | page = 89}}</ref> popularized by [[Dashiell Hammett]] over the course of the decade, and refined by [[James M. Cain]] and by [[Raymond Chandler]] beginning in the late 1930s.<ref name ="mac">{{cite encyclopedia | title = The Hard-Boiled Detective | first = Max Allan | last = Collins | author-link = Max Allan Collins | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Mysteriosa | editor-first = William L | editor-last = de Andrea | editor-link = William L. DeAndrea | publisher = MacMillan | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-02-861678-0 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamyst00dean_0/page/153 153–154] | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamyst00dean_0/page/153 }}</ref> English writer [[Gerald Butler (writer)|Gerald Butler]] was referred to as the "''English [[James M. Cain]]''", and his characters were noted as [[hardboiled]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Barr Mavity |first=Nancy |author-link=Nancy Barr Mavity |date=1946-04-28 |title=Butler Is Heralded as British James M. Cain |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/205510150/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=[[Oakland Tribune]] |language=en-US |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1946-09-08 |title=Gerald Butler's Novel of Pursuit - Author of 'Dark Rainbow' Wrestles a Creaking Plot |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/171517131/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |language=en-US |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Its heyday was in 1930s–50s America.<ref>{{cite book| first = Megan | last = Abbott | author-link = Megan Abbott | title = The Street Was Mine: White Masculinity in Hardboiled Fiction and Film Noir | url = https://archive.org/details/streetwasminewhi00abbo | url-access = limited | year = 2002 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/streetwasminewhi00abbo/page/n12 2]–3| isbn = 978-0-312-29481-6 }}.</ref>