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==Screening==
[[Anal Pap smear]]s similar to those used in [[cervical cancer]] screening have been studied for early detection of anal cancer in high-risk individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Palefsky JM, Tyring S, El Serag H |title=Screening HIV-infected individuals for anal cancer precursor lesions: a systematic review |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=223–33 |year=2006 |pmid=16779751 |doi=10.1086/505219|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2011, an HIV clinic implemented a program to enhance access to anal cancer screening for HIV-positive men. Nurse practitioners perform anal Papanicolaou screening, and men with abnormal results receive further evaluation with high-resolution anoscopy. The program has helped identify many precancerous growths, allowing them to be safely removed.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/hospital-hiv-clinic-offers-convenient-proactive-screening-anal-cancer-enabling |title=Hospital HIV Clinic Offers Convenient, Proactive Screening for Anal Cancer, Enabling Identification and Treatment of Precancerous Lesions |date=2013-04-10 |accessdate=2013-05-10}}</ref> A similar study was performed in women with a history of [[cervical cancer]] or high-grade [[cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]]. More than 30% had abnormal [[Anal Pap smear|anal Pap smears]] and one third of those already had [[Anal intraepithelial neoplasia|anal intraepitehlial neoplasia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wohlmuth|first=Christoph|last2=Ghorab|first2=Zeina|last3=Shier|first3=Michael|last4=Tinmouth|first4=Jill|last5=Salit|first5=Irving E.|last6=Covens|first6=Allan|last7=Zhang|first7=Liying|last8=Vicus|first8=Danielle|date=2020-10-01|title=Cytology-based screening for anal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33002327|journal=Cancer Cytopathology|doi=10.1002/cncy.22360|issn=1934-6638|pmid=33002327}}</ref>
==Treatment==
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