In dentistry, calculus or tartar refers to calcified deposits on the teeth, formed by the presence of saliva, debris, minerals and dental plaque. Its rough surface provides an ideal medium for further plaque formation, threatening the health of the gums and it absorbs unaesthetic stains far more easily than natural teeth.
Calculus accumulates in the absence of proper oral care. Once formed, it should be removed by professional cleaning by a dentist or dental hygienist (see tooth scaling).
Complications
Plaque that accumulates on calculus causes inflammation of gums, and can lead to gum recession. Calculus can even extend into pockets created between the tooth and gums. Most dentists agree that a once per year visit to remove any accumulated tartar is a must, as even the tiniest quantities are harmful to the gums.
The anaerobic bacteria found in pockets around teeth may be linked to cardiovascular disease and pre-term low birth weight babies. Further research is still needed.[1] When it accumulates excessively, natural tooth structure may become hidden by it.
Variations
Calculus comes in two forms. Supragingival (above the gumline) calculus is the visible deposit that forms on the surface of the teeth. Subgingival (below the gumline) tartar forms in pockets between teeth and gums. Subgingival calculus is more harmful as it facilitates faster growth of plaque.
Prevention
The best way to prevent the build up of calculus is through twice daily toothbrushing and flossing and cleaning visits based on a schedule recommended by the dental health care provider. Calculus accumulates more easily in some individuals, requiring more frequent brushing, and dental visits. There are also some harmful habits that facilitate the accumulation of tartar. Those include (but are not limited to) smoking, excessive drinking of alcohol, using some peri-oral drugs etc.
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