Yeonggam or Younggam (Korean: 영감; Hanja: 令監) is a nickname or Korean honorific for an old man[1] in Korea. Yeonggam was historically an honorific title for second-level and third-level civil servants;[2] Vice-Ministers, or Assistant Secretaries[3] of Goryeo and Joseon.
| Yeonggam | |
| Hangul | 영감 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 令監 |
| Revised Romanization | Yeonggam |
| McCune–Reischauer | Yŏnggam |
Over time the word became an honorific or nickname for a judge, county governor,[4] head of a township[5] or old man.[4] In recent years, yeonggam has come to be used primarily as a nickname for elderly men.[6] Yeonggam has been used in Korea for more than a thousand years.
History
editYeonggam was first used as an honorific for a lower level civil servants of the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon dynasties,[7][8] though the first instance of its use is unknown. Nyeonggam (녕감, 령감), was the first spelling used for this name, it was later changed to yeonggam. The term yeonggam comes after public office and peerage titles in a man's name. Yeonggam is a homograph. It is not only a title for elderly men, it means 'inspiration' in Korean.
In the Joseon dynasty, men over their 80th birthday were bestowed the honorary position Assistant Secretary. At their 90th birthday they were given the honorary position of Vice-Minister.[7]
With the fall of Joseon, the position of Sang-gam (상감).[clarification needed] Along with the change in the meaning of these positions, Korean patriarchal perspectives were added to the usages of yeonggam, which became a common designation; 1. When judges refer to each other 2. When others who are not judges refer to judges 3. When people refer to the mayor 4. When people refer to their elders 5. When women refer to their husbands.
After the Joseon dynasty, the use of yeonggam continued in Japan and Colonial Korea as an honorific for the position of country governor, judge, prosecutor, and district attorney.[9]
Modern usage
editAfter 1962, the Supreme Court of South Korea[9] sought to eliminate the habit of using the term Yeonggam for judges since it was considered to be un-democratic. In modern Korea, Yeonggam is commonly used as a suffix that comes after the last name of elderly men.[10]
During the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon dynasties yeonggam followed one's title, in modern use yeonggam is used by itself.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ [News] OnKey In Jonghyun’s Birthday Fanacc (Update)
- ^ [최용민의 좌충우돌] 국회의원, ‘머슴’과 ‘영감’의 역설 아시아투데이 2011-01-17
- ^ 의전서열 한겨레 2005.07.25
- ^ a b 이 대단한 분 중도일보 2004-03-22 (in Korean)
- ^ korean name is 'myeon'(면 ; 面)
- ^ 일상에 남은 옛말의 흔적 한국경제 2011/04/01 (in Korean)
- ^ a b [금요칼럼] 겉만 번지르르한 '실버 공약' Busanilbo 2007.12.14
- ^ 삼도수군통제사 이순신 조선시대 고위직 '종2품' hangyorye 2005.02.20 (in Korean)
- ^ a b [한마당-염성덕] 영감과 영감탱이 2010.09.13 (in Korean)
- ^ ‘영감’에 깃든 우리말 변천사 한국경제 2011/03/25
External links
edit- 삼도수군통제사 이순신 조선시대 고위직 '종2품' hangyorye 2005.02.20 (in Korean)
- ‘영감’에 깃든 우리말 변천사 한국경제 2011/03/25 (in Korean)
- [한마당-염성덕] 영감과 영감탱이 국민일보 2010.09.13
- [엽기인물 한국사] 5. 조선의 국제적 포주② 스포츠경향 2007년 09월 17일 (in Korean)
- 일상에 남은 옛말의 흔적 한국경제 2011/04/01 (in Korean)
- 국민을 봉취급 막말엘리트 판검사 영감님 브레이크뉴스 (in Korean)
- [한마당-염성덕] 영감과 영감탱이 2010.09.13 (in Korean)
- [성석제의 길위의 이야기] 대감과 마누라 한국일보