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Xiapu dialect

The Xiapu dialect (Eastern Min: 霞浦話; Foochow Romanized: Hà-puō-uâ) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in Xiapu, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province of China.

Xiapu
霞浦話
Native toSouthern China
RegionXiapu, Ningde, Fujian
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
Linguasphere79-AAA-ibe
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phonology

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The Xiapu dialect has 15 initials, 43 rimes and 7 tones.

Initials

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Bilabial Dental Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m
蒙 		n
日 		ŋ
語
Stop Aspirated pʰ
波 		tʰ
他 		kʰ
氣
Tenuis p
邊 		t
低 		k
求 		ʔ
鶯
Fricative (β) θ
時 		(ʒ) x
喜
Affricate Aspirated ʦʰ
出
Tenuis ʦ
曾
Lateral l
柳

Rimes

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a ia ua ai au uai
aŋ iaŋ uaŋ aiŋ ɔuŋ
aʔ iaʔ uaʔ aiʔ ɔuʔ
ɛ, ɔ ɛu
ɔʔ
e, o ø oi eu
eiŋ, ouŋ yoŋ
eiʔ, ouʔ øʔ, yoʔ
u iu ui
uŋ yuŋ
uʔ yuʔ
i, y
iŋ
iʔ

Tones

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No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tone name dark level
陰平 		light level
陽平 		rising
上聲 		dark departing
陰去 		light departing
陽去 		dark entering
陰入 		light entering
陽入
Tone contour ˦ (44) ˨ (22) ˦˨ (42) ˧˥ (35) ˨˩˨ (212) ˥ (5) ˨ (2)

Initial assimilation

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The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/
  • /p/, /pʰ/ change to /β/;
  • /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /l/;
  • /x/ change to the null initial;
  • /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/;
  • /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /k/, /kʰ/, /l/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/
  • /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/;
  • /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /n/;
  • /k/, /kʰ/, /x/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/;
  • /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/;
  • /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, /l/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/ All initials remain unchanged.

Tone sandhi

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The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:

the second syllable
the first syllable dark level
44 		light level
22 		rising
42 		dark departing
35 		light departing
212 		dark entering
5 		light entering
2
dark departing
35 		55 51
dark entering
5
rising
42 		51 5
dark level
44 		44
light departing
212
light entering
2
light level
22 		22

Notes

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  1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]

References

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  1. ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
  2. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
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