The Treaty of Jaffa, more seldom referred to as the Treaty of Ramla[1][2][3] or the treaty of 1192,[4] was a truce agreed to during the Crusades. It was signed on 1[1] or 2 September 1192 A.D. (20th of Sha'ban 588 AH) between Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Richard the Lionheart, King of England, shortly after the July–August 1192 Battle of Jaffa. The treaty, negotiated with the help of Balian of Ibelin, guaranteed a three-year truce between the two armies. This treaty ended the Third Crusade.
Provisions
editThe treaty mainly addressed two main issues: the status of Jerusalem and pilgrimage rights for Christians, and the extent of sovereignty of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Holy Land. In the first regard, the treaty guaranteed safe passage of Christians and Muslims through Palestine, stating that Jerusalem would remain under Islamic control, while it would be open to Christian pilgrimages. In the second issue, it stated that the Christians would hold the coast from Tyre to Jaffa, The Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had lost almost all of its territory following the Battle of Hattin in 1187, was restored as essentially a coastal strip that extended between these two cities. Ascalon's fortifications were to be demolished and the town returned to Saladin.[citation needed]
Neither Saladin nor King Richard were fond of the overall accord, but had little other choice. The Islamic ruler had been weakened by the trials and expense of war, and each had to deal with threats to his kingdom at home. Richard left Acre on 9 October 1192.[citation needed]
Attempted treaties
editAfter the Siege of Acre, Richard and Saladin had a series of conversations about concluding the Third Crusade. These letters usually contained arguments about religious ownership and who had the right to ownership of Jerusalem. None of these attempts actually resulted in an actual truce. This, of course, was until the Treaty of Jaffa was created due to Richard's need to return to his country, which was inevitably falling apart with his absence.[5]
Distinction from 1229 treaty
editIn 1229 a somewhat similar double treaty was signed, one in Tell el-Ajjul and one in Jaffa, which together brought to an end the Sixth Crusade. The treaties of Tell Ajjul and Jaffa settled the territorial disputes between the competing Ayyubid rulers of Egypt, Syria and various smaller principalities, allowing to Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt to close a diplomatic deal with the leader of the Sixth Crusade, Emperor Frederick II.[6][7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b El-Sayed, Ali Ahmed Mohamed (2017). Islamic Awqaf related to Peace-Building Among Nations: Tamim Al-Dari Hospice as a Model. Relations between East and West: Various Studies: Medieval and Contemporary Ages. Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Gamey. pp. 45–74 [60]. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ Stark, Rodney (2009). God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades (PDF) (digital ed.). Harper Collins e-books. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-06-194298-3. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley (1901). A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages. Vol. VI, The Middle Ages. London: Methuen & Co. p. 213. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ Amitai, Reuven (July 2017). Conermann, Stephan; Walker, Bethany (eds.). "The Development of a Muslim City in Palestine: Gaza under the Mamluks" (PDF). ASK Working Paper 28. Bonn: University of Bonn, Annemarie Schimmel Kolleg: History and Society during the Mamluk Era (1250–1517): 5. ISSN 2193-925X. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley (2007) [Original in 1898]. Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Other Press. ISBN 978-9839541557.
- ^ Adrian J. Boas (2001). Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule. London: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0415230001. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
- ^ Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260. State University of New York (SUNY) Press. pp. 197–198. ISBN 0873952634. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
Bibliography
edit- Richard, Jean (1999). The Crusades, p. 328. ISBN 978-0521625661
- Tyerman, Christopher. The Crusades. pp. 461, 471 [ISBN missing]
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The Crusades, p. 146 [ISBN missing]
- Axelrod, Alan and Charles L. Phillips, editors. "Encyclopedia of Historical Treaties and Alliances, Vol. 1". Zenda Inc., New York, 2001. ISBN 0816030901.[page needed]