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List of Toyota engines

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This is a list of piston engines developed, independently or with other car companies, by Toyota Motor Corporation.

Engine codes

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Toyota has produced a wide variety of automobile engines, including three-cylinder, four-cylinder, V6 and V8 engines. The company follows a naming system for their engines:

  1. The first numeric characters specify the engine block's model (usually differed by displacement)
  2. The next one or two letters specify the engine family
  3. The suffix (separated by a dash) specifies the features of the engine:
Suffix Feature
A Valvematic variable lift intake head
B Before 2000 indicates twin SU-style side-draft carburetors
After 2000 indicates E85 Ethanol fuel.[citation needed]
C Carbureted/California Emissions Controlled
D Twin downdraft carburetors or Toyota engines manufactured by Daihatsu without VVT-i (e.g., 1KR-DE)
E Multi-point fuel injection
F Normal cylinder head DOHC
G Performance cylinder head DOHC
H High compression
High pressure charged (e.g., 2L-THE)
I Single-point fuel injection
J Autochoke (early models) or pollution control for commercial cars in Japan
K On-demand Atkinson cycle in non-hybrid engines
L Transverse
M Philippines' market (meaning unknown)
N CNG fuel
P LPG fuel
R Low Compression (For 87 and below octane fuel)
S Swirl intake (1980s)
D4-S gasoline direct injection
T Turbocharged
U With catalytic converter Japan-spec emissions
V D-4D common rail direct injection system (diesel) or Toyota engines manufactured by Daihatsu with VVT-i (e.g., 1NR-VE)
X Hybrid Atkinson cycle
Z Supercharged

Other manufacturers may modify the engine after it has left the Toyota factory but the engine still keeps the original Toyota designation. For example, Lotus added a supercharger to the 2ZZ-GE in some versions of the Lotus Elise and Exige but it is still labelled 2ZZ-GE, not 2ZZ-GZE.

Examples:

  • 2NR-FE
    • 2NR – Second model in the NR engine family
    • F – Normal cylinder head DOHC
    • E – Multi-point fuel injection
  • 3S-GTE
    • 3S – Third model in the S engine family
    • G – Performance cylinder head DOHC
    • T – Turbocharged
    • E – Multi-point fuel injection
  • 1UR-FSE
    • 1UR – First model in the UR engine family
    • F – Normal cylinder head DOHC
    • S – D4-S Gasoline direct injection
    • E – Multi-point fuel injection
  • 3ZR-FAE
    • 3ZR - Third model in the ZR engine family
    • F - Normal cylinder head DOHC
    • A - Valvematic variable lift intake head
    • E - Multi-point fuel injection
  • 1KD-FTV
    • 1KD – First model in the KD engine family
    • F – Normal cylinder head DOHC
    • T – Turbocharged
    • V – D-4D common rail direct injection (diesel)

The use of "G" to denote twin cam engines was decided on in 1971, with the renaming of the 10R into 8R-G. Before that, twin cams had received separate numerical codes.[1]

In 1987, Toyota began assigning dual letter engine codes to some of the "engine family" categories in some engine lines, particularly six-cylinder models. This can create potential confusion. E.g. 1MZ-FE – This is not a supercharged, narrow angle, fuel injected M-series engine, but a narrow angle, fuel injected MZ-series engine. Confusion is easiest to avoid when using the dash to separate between the engine series and its own characteristics: for instance, 1MZ-FE rather than 1M-ZFE.

Starting in 2015, the designations after the dash have a maximum combination of three letters, even though there are more suffixes applicable. This is particular when newer engine technologies are introduced. Case in point, both the 2GR-FKS and 8AR-FTS engines have an electronic multi-point fuel injection, but the "E" suffix is not included in the code.

Dynamic Force engine series

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The Dynamic Force engine series introduced in 2017 uses a naming scheme similar to that used by Honda and Suzuki. The two numbers between the first and second letters denote the displacement of the engine in liters. The suffix denoting the features of the engine is still used, as with prior engines.

Examples:

  • M20A-FKS
    • M20A is a 2.0-liter engine, as denoted by the "20" in "M20A"
    • F – Normal cylinder head DOHC
    • K – On-demand Atkinson cycle in non-hybrid engines
    • S – D4-S Gasoline direct injection
  • T24A-FTS
    • T24A is a 2.4-liter engine, as denoted by the "24" in "T24A"
    • F – Normal cylinder head DOHC
    • T – Turbocharged
    • S – D4-S Gasoline direct injection

Some engines don’t share the same displacement as with the one found in the engine code. For example, the displacement of the V35A-FTS is closer to 3.4 L despite being marketed as a 3.5 L engine. Moreover, there are a few engines that use the naming scheme of the Dynamic Force family of engines but are not actually part of them, such as the diesel-powered F33A-FTV and the Gazoo Racing G16E-GTS.

Gasoline

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Flat-twin or Flat-four

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  • 1961 – U
    • 1961–1966 – 0.7 L (697 cc) U
    • 1965–1975 – 0.8 L (790 cc) 2U
    • 2012–2021 – 2.0 L (1,998 cc) 4U (by Subaru)

Straight-3

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Straight-4

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  • 1939 – Type C – OHV
    • 1939–1941 – 2.3 L (2259 cc) C
  • 1947 – Type S – SV
    • 1947–1959 – 1.0 L (995 cc) S
  • 1953 – R – OHV/SOHC/DOHC
    • 1953–1964 – 1.5 L (1453 cc) R
    • 1964–1969 – 1.5 L (1490 cc) 2R
    • 1959–1968 – 1.9 L (1897 cc) 3R
    • 1965–1968 – 1.6 L (1587 cc) 4R
    • 1968–1986 – 2.0 L (1994 cc) 5R
    • 1969–1974 – 1.7 L (1707 cc) 6R
    • 1968–1970 – 1.6 L (1591 cc) 7R
    • 1968–1972 – 1.9 L (1858 cc) 8R
    • 1967–1968 – 1.6 L (1587 cc) 9R
    • 1968–1971 – 1.9 L (1858 cc) 10R
    • 1969–1988 – 1.6 L (1587 cc) 12R
    • 1974–1980 – 1.8 L (1808 cc) 16R
    • 1971–1982 – 2.0 L (1968 cc) 18R
    • 1975–1977 – 2.0 L (1968 cc) 19R
    • 1974–1980 – 2.2 L (2189 cc) 20R
    • 1978–1987 – 2.0 L (1972 cc) 21R
    • 1980–1995 – 2.4 L (2366 cc) 22R
  • 1959 – P
    • 1959–1961 – 1.0 L (997 cc) P
    • 1961–1972 – 1.2 L (1198 cc) 2P
    • 1972–1979 – 1.3 L (1345 cc) 3P
  • 1966 – K – OHV
    • 1966–1969 – 1.1 L (1077 cc) K
    • 1969–1988 – 1.0 L (993 cc) 2K
    • 1969–1979 – 1.2 L (1166 cc) 3K
    • 1978–1989 – 1.3 L (1290 cc) 4K
    • 1983–1989 – 1.5 L (1486 cc) 5K
    • 1998–1998 – 1.8 L (1781 cc) 7K
  • 1970 – T – OHV/DOHC
    • 1970–1979 – 1.4 L (1407 cc) T
    • 1970–1985 – 1.6 L (1588 cc) 2T
    • 1977–1985 – 1.8 L (1770 cc) 3T
    • 1970–1983 – 1.6 L (1588 cc) 12T
    • 1977–1982 – 1.8 L (1770 cc) 13T
  • 1978 – A – SOHC/DOHC
    • 1978–1979 – 1.5 L (1452 cc) 1A
    • 1979–1986 – 1.3 L (1295 cc) 2A
    • 1979–1988 – 1.5 L (1452 cc) 3A
    • 1979–1998 – 1.6 L (1587 cc) 4A
    • 1987–1998 – 1.5 L (1498 cc) 5A
    • 1989–1992 – 1.4 L (1397 cc) 6A
    • 1993–1998 – 1.8 L (1762 cc) 7A
    • 2004–2006 – 1.3 L (1342 cc) 8A
  • 1982 – S – SOHC/DOHC
    • 1982–1988 – 1.8 L (1832 cc) 1S
    • 1982–1987 – 2.0 L (1995 cc) 2S
    • 1985–2005 – 2.0 L (1998 cc) 3S
    • 1987–1998 – 1.8 L (1838 cc) 4S
    • 1990–2001 – 2.2 L (2164 cc) 5S
  • 1982 – Y – OHV
    • 1982 – 1.6 L (1626 cc) 1Y
    • 1982 – 1.8 L (1812 cc) 2Y
    • 1982–1998 – 2.0 L (1998 cc) 3Y
    • 1985–1993 – 2.2 L (2237 cc) 4Y
  • 1985 – E – SOHC/DOHC
    • 1985–1994 – 1.0 L (999 cc) 1E
    • 1985–1998 – 1.3 L (1295 cc) 2E
    • 1986–1994 – 1.5 L (1456 cc) 3E
    • 1989–1998 – 1.3 L (1331 cc) 4E
    • 1991–1999 – 1.5 L (1497 cc) 5E
  • 1990 – TZ – DOHC
    • 1990–2000 – 2.4 L (2438 cc) 2TZ
  • 1997 – ZZ – DOHC
    • 1997–2007 – 1.8 L (1794 cc) 1ZZ
    • 1999–2006 – 1.8 L (1796 cc) 2ZZ
    • 2000 – 1.6 L (1598 cc) 3ZZ
    • 2000 – 1.4 L (1398 cc) 4ZZ
  • 1989 – RZ – SOHC/DOHC
    • 1989–2004 – 2.0 L (1998 cc) 1RZ
    • 1989–2006 – 2.4 L (2400 cc) 2RZ
    • 1990–2004 – 2.7 L (2693 cc) 3RZ
  • 1999 – SZ – DOHC (by Daihatsu)
    • 1999 – 1 L (997 cc) 1SZ
    • 2001 – 1.3 L (1298 cc) 2SZ
    • 2006 – 1.5 L (1495 cc) 3SZ
  • 1997 – NZ – DOHC
    • 1997 – 1.5 L (1497 cc) 1NZ
    • 1999 – 1.3 L (1298 cc) 2NZ
  • 2000 – AZ – DOHC
    • 2000 – 2.0 L (1998 cc) 1AZ
    • 2000–2018 – 2.4 L (2362 cc) 2AZ
  • 2003 – TR – DOHC
    • 2003 – 2.0 L (1998 cc) 1TR
    • 2003 – 2.7 L (2694 cc) 2TR
  • 2007 – ZR – DOHC
    • 2007 – 1.6 L (1598 cc) 1ZR
    • 2007 – 1.8 L (1797 cc) 2ZR
    • 2007 – 2.0 L (1986 cc) 3ZR
  • 2008 – NR – DOHC
    • 2008 – 1.33 L (1329 cc) 1NR
    • 2010 – 1.5 L (1496 cc) 2NR
    • 2011 – 1.2 L (1197 cc) 3NR
    • 2013 – 1.3 L (1329 cc) 4NR
    • 2013 – 1.5 L (1496 cc) 5NR
    • 2010 – 1.3 L (1329 cc) 6NR
    • 2010 – 1.5 L (1498 cc) 7NR
    • 2015 – 1.2 L (1197 cc) 8NR
  • 2008 – AR – DOHC
    • 2008–2020? – 2.7 L (2672 cc) 1AR
    • 2008 – 2.5 L (2494 cc) 2AR
    • 2013 – 2.5 L (2494 cc) 5AR
    • 2014 – 2.0 L (1998 cc) 6AR
    • 2015 – 2.0 L (1998 cc) 8AR
  • 2014 – RI – DOHC (Non-production)
    • 2014 – 2.0 L RI4A
    • 2014 – 2.0 L RI4AG
  • 2017 – A25A – DOHC
    • 2017 – 2.5 L (2487 cc) A25A
  • 2018 – M20A – DOHC
    • 2018 – 2.0 L (1987 cc) M20A
  • 2021 – T24A – DOHC
    • 2021 – 2.4 L (2393 cc) T24A
  • 2022 – S20A – DOHC
    • 2022 – 2.0 L (1997 cc) S20A

Straight-6

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  • 1935 – Type A – OHV
    • 1935–1947 – 3.4 L (3389 cc) A
  • 1937 – Type B – OHV
    • 1937–1955 – 3.4 L (3389 cc) B
  • 1944 – Type D – OHV (prototype)
    • 1944 – 4.1 L (4052 cc) D
  • 1955 – F – OHV
    • 1955–1975 – 3.9 L (3878 cc) F
    • 1975–1987 – 4.2 L (4230 cc) 2F
    • 1985–1992 – 4.0 L (3956 cc) 3F
  • 1965 – M – SOHC/DOHC
    • 1965–1985 – 2.0 L (1988 cc) M
    • 1966–1972 – 2.3 L (2253 cc) 2M
    • 1966–1971 – 2.0 L (1988 cc) 3M
    • 1972–1980 – 2.6 L (2563 cc) 4M
    • 1979–1988 – 2.8 L (2759 cc) 5M
    • 1984–1987 – 3.0 L (2954 cc) 6M
    • 1986–1992 – 3.0 L (2954 cc) 7M
  • 1979 – G – SOHC/DOHC
    • 1979–2008 – 2.0 L (1988 cc) 1G
  • 1990 – JZ – DOHC
    • 1990–2006 – 2.5 L (2491 cc) 1JZ
    • 1991–2006 – 3.0 L (2997 cc) 2JZ
  • 1993 – FZ – DOHC
    • 1993–2007 – 4.5 L (4477 cc) 1FZ

V6

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  • 1987 – VZ – DOHC/SOHC
    • 1987–1993 – 2.0 L (1992 cc) 1VZ
    • 1987–1991 – 2.5 L (2496 cc) 2VZ
    • 1987–1997 – 3.0 L (2958 cc) 3VZ
    • 1993–1998 – 2.5 L (2496 cc) 4VZ
    • 1995–2004 – 3.4 L (3378 cc) 5VZ
  • 1994 – MZ – DOHC
    • 1994–2007 – 3.0 L (2995 cc) 1MZ
    • 1998–2001 – 2.5 L (2496 cc) 2MZ
    • 2003–2014 – 3.3 L (3310 cc) 3MZ
  • 2002 – GR – DOHC
    • 2002 – 4.0 L (3956 cc) 1GR
    • 2006 – 3.5 L (3456 cc) 2GR
    • 2003–2010 – 3.0 L (2994 cc) 3GR
    • 2003–2015 – 2.5 L (2499 cc) 4GR
    • 2005 – 2.5 L (2497 cc) 5GR
    • 2013 – 4.0 L (3956 cc) 6GR
    • 2015 – 3.5 L (3456 cc) 7GR
    • 2017–2018 – 3.5 L (3456 cc) 8GR
  • 2016 – 2.4 L H8909 - DOHC (Non-production)
    • 2016–2020 – 2.4 L H8909
    • 2021 – 3.5 L H8909
  • 2017 – V35A – DOHC
    • 2017 – 3.4 L (3444 cc) V35A

V8

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  • 1963 – V – OHV
    • 1963–1967 – 2.6 L (2,599 cc) V
    • 1967–1973 – 3.0 L (2,981 cc) 3V
    • 1973–1983 – 3.4 L (3,376 cc) 4V
    • 1983–1998 – 4.0 L (3,995 cc) 5V
  • 1988 – R – DOHC (Non-production)
    • 1988 – 3.2 L (3,200 cc) R32V
    • 1989–1994 – 3.6 L (3,579 cc) R36V
  • 1989 – UZ – DOHC
    • 1989–2002 – 4.0 L (3,969 cc) 1UZ
    • 1998–2009 – 4.7 L (4,663 cc) 2UZ
    • 2000–2010 – 4.3 L (4,292 cc) 3UZ
  • 1996 – RV8 – DOHC (Non-production)
    • 1996 – 2.65L RV8A
    • 1997 – 2.65L RV8B
    • 1998 – 2.65L RV8C
    • 1999 – 2.65L RV8D[2]
    • 2000 – 2.65L RV8E
    • 2002 – 2.65L RV8F[3]
    • 2003 – 3.5L RV8I
    • 2003 – 3.0 L
    • 2006–2008 – 3.0 L RV8J[4]
    • 2009 – 3.4 L RV8K, RV8KG
    • 2011 – 3.4 L RV8KLM
    • 2014 – 3.7 L RV8KLM
  • 2006–2009 – Formula One – RVX – DOHC (Non-production)
    • 2006 – 2.4 L (2,398 cc) RVX–06
    • 2007 – 2.4 L (2,398 cc) RVX-07
    • 2008 – 2.4 L (2,398 cc) RVX-08
    • 2009 – 2.4 L (2,398 cc) RVX-09
  • 2006 – UR – DOHC
    • 2006–2023 – 4.6 L (4,608 cc) 1UR
    • 2007 – 5.0 L (4,969 cc) 2UR
    • 2007–2022 – 5.7 L (5,663 cc) 3UR

V10

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  • 1991 – RV10 – DOHC (Non-production)
    • 1991–1993 – 3.5 L (3,500 cc) RV10
  • 2001 – 2005 – Formula One – RVX – DOHC (Non-production)
    • 2001 – 3.0 L (2,998 cc) RVX-01
    • 2002 – 3.0 L (2,998 cc) RVX-02
    • 2003 – 3.0 L (2,998 cc) RVX-03
    • 2004 – 3.0 L (2,998 cc) RVX-04
    • 2005 – 3.0 L (2,998 cc) RVX-05
  • 2010 – LR – DOHC/VVT-i
    • 2010–2012 – 4.8 L (4,805 cc) 1LR-GUE

V12

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  • 1997 – GZ – DOHC
    • 1997–2017 – 5.0 L (4,996 cc) 1GZ-FE

Diesel

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Starting in 1957 until 1988, Toyota established a separate dealership in Japan dedicated to cars and trucks installed with diesel engines, called Toyota Diesel Store. When the dealership was disbanded, diesel products are now available at all locations, with commercial products exclusive to Toyota Store and Toyopet Store locations.

Straight-4

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  • 1964 – J – OHV
    • 1964–1978 – 2.3 L (2,336 cc) J
    • 1969–1983 – 2.5 L (2,481 cc) 2J
  • 1974 – B Second gen. – OHV/SOHC
    • 1972–1988 – 3.0 L (2,977 cc) B
    • 1977–1982 – 3.2 L (3,168 cc) 2B
    • 1980–1990 – 3.4 L (3,432 cc) 3B
    • 1984–1990 – 3.0 L (2,977 cc) 11B
    • 1984–1990 – 3.4 L (3,432 cc) 13B
    • 1988–1996 – 3.7 L (3,661 cc) 14B
    • 1996–2002 – 4.1 L (4,104 cc) 15B
  • 1980 – L – SOHC
    • 1977–1983 – 2.2 L (2,188 cc) L
    • 1980–2004 – 2.4 L (2,446 cc) 2L
    • 1987–2006 – 2.4 L (2,446 cc) 2L-II change rocker arm to direct tappet drive
    • 1982–2003 – 2.4 L (2,446 cc) 2L-TE
    • 1991–1997 – 2.8 L (2,779 cc) 3L
    • 1997 – 3.0 L (2,986 cc) 5L
  • 1983 – W – OHV
    • 1983–1995 – 4.0 L (4,009 cc) 1W
  • 1984 – C Third gen. – SOHC
    • 1984–1992 – 1.8 L (1,839 cc) 1C
    • 1984–2000 – 2.0 L (1,974 cc) 2C
    • 1994–2002 – 2.2 L (2,184 cc) 3C
  • 1986 – N – SOHC
    • 1986–1999 – 1.4 L (1,453 cc) 1N
  • 1993 – KZ – SOHC
    • 1993–2004 – 3.0 L (2,982 cc) 1KZ-TE
  • 2000 – WZ – DOHC/SOHC (by Groupe PSA)
    • 2000–2001 – 1.9 L 1WZ
    • 2005–2010 – 1.4 L 2WZ-TV
    • 2012 – 1.6 L 3WZ
    • 2012 – 2.0 L 4WZ
    • 2019 – 1.5 L 5WZ
  • 2000 – CD – DOHC
    • 2000–2006 – 2.0 L (1,995 cc) 1CD-FTV
  • 2001 – ND – SOHC
    • 2001–2020 – 1.4 L (1,364 cc) 1ND-TV
  • 2001 – KD – DOHC
    • 2000 – 3.0 L (2,982 cc) 1KD-FTV
    • 2001 – 2.5 L (2,494 cc) 2KD-FTV
  • 2005 – AD – DOHC
    • 2006–2019 – 2.0 L (1,998 cc) 1AD
    • 2005–2015 – 2.2 L (2,231 cc) 2AD
  • 2013 – WW - DOHC
    • 2013–2018 – 1.6 L (1,598 cc) 1WW
    • 2015–2018 – 2.0 L (1,995 cc) 2WW
  • 2015 – GD – DOHC
    • 2015 – 2.8 L (2,755 cc) 1GD-FTV
    • 2015 – 2.4 L (2.393 cc) 2GD-FTV

Straight-5

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  • 1989 – PZ – SOHC
    • 1990–2001 – 3.5 L (3,470 cc) 1PZ

Straight-6

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  • 1956–1979 - D
    • 1956–1961 – 5.9 L (5890 cc) 1D
    • 1962–1979 – 6.5 L (6494 cc) 2D
  • 1967 – 1990 - H - OHV
    • 1967-1971 – 3.5 L (3576 cc) H (Early) Indirect Injection
    • 1972-1980 – 3.6 L (3576 cc) H Indirect Injection
    • 1981-1990 – 4.0 L (3980 cc) 2H Indirect Injection
    • 1989-1990 – 4.0 L (3980 cc) 12H-T Turbocharged Direct Injection
  • 1990 – Present - HZ - SOHC
    • 1990-Present – 4.2 L (4164 cc) 1HZ Indirect Injection
  • 1989 – 2001 - HD - SOHC
    • 1989-2001 – 4.2 L (4164 cc) 1HD-T Direct Injection
    • 1992-1998 – 4.2 L (4164 cc) 1HD-FT Turbocharged Direct Injection
    • 1998-2007 – 4.2 L (4164 cc) 1HD-FTE Turbocharged Direct Injection
Engine 1D 2D H (early) H 2H 12H-T 1HZ 1HD-T 1HD-FT 1HD-FTE 1HD-FTE(intercooled)
Years produced 1956–1961 1962–1979 1967–present 1972–present 1981–1990 1986–1990 1990–present 1989–2001 1992–1998 1998-2007 1998-2007
Power (kW) 67 @ 3600 71 @ 3600 77 @ 3500 101 @ 3500 96 @ 4000 123 @ 3600 125 @ 3600 125 @ 3400 151 @ 3400
Power (HP) 110 @ 2600 130 @ 2600 90 @ 3600 95 @ 3600 103 @ 3500 136 @ 3500 129 @ 4000 165 @ 3600 168 @ 3600 168 @ 3400 202 @ 3400
Torque (Nm) 343 @ 1200 392 @ 1400 205 @ 2200 216 @ 2200 240 @ 2000 313 @ 2000 285 @ 2200 363 @ 2000 380 @ 2500 380 @ 3200 430 @ 3200
Torque (ft·lb) 151 @ 2200 159 @ 2200 177 @ 2000 231 @ 2000 210 @ 2200 268 @ 2000 280 @ 2500 280 @ 3200 317 @ 3200
Capacity 5890 cc[5] 6494 cc[6] 3576 cc 3576 cc 3980 cc 3980 cc 4164 cc 4164 cc 4164 cc 4164 cc 4164 cc
Bore × Stroke (mm) 100 × 125 105 × 125 88 × 98 88 × 98 91 × 102 91 × 102 94 × 100 94 × 100 94 × 100 94 × 100 94 × 100
Compression Ratio 17.2 : 1 18.0 : 1 21.0 : 1 19.5 : 1 20.7 : 1 18.6 : 1 22.7 : 1 18.6 : 1 18.6 : 1 18.8 : 1 18.8 : 1
Aspiration Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Turbo Natural Turbo Turbo Turbo Turbo(Intercooled)
Number of Valves 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 24 24 24
Cam Arrangement Gear-driven OHV Gear-driven OHV Gear-driven OHV Gear-driven OHV Belt-driven SOHC Belt-driven SOHC Belt-driven SOHC Belt-driven SOHC Belt-driven SOHC
Injection Indirect Indirect Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Direct Direct Direct
Injector Pump Inline Inline Inline Inline Rotary Rotary Rotary Rotary Rotary

V6

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V8

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  • 2007 – VD – DOHC
    • 2007–Present – 4.5 L (4461 cc) 1VD-FTV

References

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  1. ^ All About the Toyota Twin Cam, 2nd ed., Tokyo, Japan: Toyota Motor Company, 1984, p. 27
  2. ^ "Eagle 987 Champ Car | Dan Gurney's All American Racers".
  3. ^ "2002 Toyota RV8F CART engine". Speedway Motors Museum of American Speed.
  4. ^ "HAIL TO THE KING | the Super GT 2009 GT300 Champion is a Lexus IS350?!". 26 August 2015.
  5. ^ "Toyota Model DA Truck". 75 Years of Toyota. Toyota. 2012.
  6. ^ "Toyota Model DA115C Truck". 75 Years of Toyota. Toyota. 2012.

Toyota has not published an explanation of the codes used for engine features. Matti Kalalahti derived a list of engine feature codes and published them on his "Engine codes explained" web page in Oct 1999.

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