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Chionanthus

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Chionanthus (/ˌkaɪoʊˈnænθəs/), common name: fringetrees, is a genus of about 140 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae.

Fringetrees
Chionanthus pygmaeus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Tribe: Oleeae
Subtribe: Oleinae
Genus: Chionanthus
Royen (1753)
Synonyms[1]
  • Bonamica Vell. (1829)
  • Ceranthus Schreb. (1789)
  • Cylindria Lour. (1790)
  • Freyeria Scop. (1777)
  • Linociera Sw. ex Schreb. (1791)
  • Majepea Post & Kuntze (1903)
  • Mayepea Aubl. (1775)
  • Minutia Vell. (1829)
  • Sarlina Guillaumin (1952)
  • Tessarandra Miers (1851)
  • Thouinia L.f. (1782)
Chionanthus virginicus flowers
Chionanthus pubescens
Chionanthus retusus flowers

The genus has a wide distribution primarily in the tropics and subtropics, but with three species extending north into temperate regions, one (C. retusus) in eastern Asia and two (C. virginicus and C. henryae) in eastern North America.[1][2] Most of the tropical species are evergreen, while the three temperate species are deciduous. Some botanists restrict Chionanthus to the deciduous, temperate species, treating the evergreen species in a separate genus Linociera, but apart from leaf persistence, there is no other consistent difference between them.

They are shrubs and small to medium-sized trees growing to 3–25 m tall. The leaves are opposite, simple. The flowers are produced in feathery panicles, with a corolla subdivided into four slender lobes; they are white, pale yellow, or tinged pink. The fruit is a drupe containing a single seed.[2]

Species

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As of January 2024, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:[1]

  1. Chionanthus abriaquiensis Fern.Alonso & Cogollo
  2. Chionanthus acuminatissimus (Merr.) Kiew ex de Juana
  3. Chionanthus acunae (Borhidi & O.Muñiz) Borhidi - Cuba
  4. Chionanthus adamsii Stearn - Jamaica
  5. Chionanthus albidiflorus Thwaites – Sri Lanka
  6. Chionanthus amblirrhinus P.S.Green - Thailand
  7. Chionanthus avilensis (Steyerm.) P.S.Green - Venezuela
  8. Chionanthus axillaris R.Br. – Australia (Queensland)
  9. Chionanthus axilliflorus (Griseb.) Stearn – Caribbean
  10. Chionanthus bakeri (Urb.) Stearn - Cuba
  11. Chionanthus balgooyanus Kiew – Sarawak
  12. Chionanthus beccarii (Stapf) Kiew - Sumatra
  13. Chionanthus brachystachys (Schltr.) P.S.Green - New Caledonia
  14. Chionanthus brassii (Kobuski) Kiew - Papua New Guinea
  15. Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.) Stearn - Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola
  16. Chionanthus callophylloides Kiew – Sarawak + Sabah
  17. Chionanthus callophyllus Blume – Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
  18. Chionanthus caudifolius (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
  19. Chionanthus caymanensis Stearn - Cayman Islands
  20. Chionanthus celebicus Koord - Sulawesi
  21. Chionanthus chrysopetalus Cornejo ex Lombardi
  22. Chionanthus clementis (Quisumb. & Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
  23. Chionanthus colonchensis Cornejo & Bonifaz - Ecuador
  24. Chionanthus compactus Sw. – Caribbean
  25. Chionanthus coriaceus (S.Vidal) Yuen P.Yang & S.Y.Lu - Taiwan + Philippines
  26. Chionanthus cordulatus Koord.
  27. Chionanthus courtallensis Bedd.
  28. Chionanthus crassifolius (Mart.) P.S.Green - Brazil
  29. Chionanthus crispus Kiew – Sabah
  30. Chionanthus curvicarpus Kiew – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
  31. Chionanthus cuspidatus Blume - Borneo
  32. Chionanthus decipiens P.S.Green - Myanmar + Thailand
  33. Chionanthus densiflorus Zoll. & Moritzi - Java
  34. Chionanthus dictyophyllus (Urb.) Stearn - Hispaniola
  35. Chionanthus diversifolius Miq - Sumatra
  36. Chionanthus domingensis Lam. – Caribbean
  37. Chionanthus dussii (Krug & Urb.) Stearn - Dominica + Martinique
  38. Chionanthus ellipticus Blume - Java + Sumatra
  39. Chionanthus enerve (Steenis) Kiew - Borneo
  40. Chionanthus eriorachis (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
  41. Chionanthus evenius (Stapf) Kiew – Malesia
  42. Chionanthus ferrugineus (Gilg) P.S.Green - Brazil
  43. Chionanthus filiformis (Vell.) P.S.Green - Brazil
  44. Chionanthus fluminensis (Miers) P.S.Green - Brazil
  45. Chionanthus gardneriorum Kiew
  46. Chionanthus gigas (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
  47. Chionanthus globosus (Kiew) Kiew – Borneo
  48. Chionanthus glomeratus Blume - Sumatra
  49. Chionanthus grandifolius (Elmer) Kiew - Philippines
  50. Chionanthus greenii Lombardi - Brazil
  51. Chionanthus guangxiensis B.M.Miao. – Southeastern China (Guangxi).
  52. Chionanthus guianensis (Aubl.) Pers - Venezuela + French Guiana
  53. Chionanthus hahlii (Rech.) Kiew - Bismarck, Solomons, Samoa
  54. Chionanthus hainanensis (Merrill & Chun) B.M.Miao. – Southern China (Hainan)
  55. Chionanthus havilandii Kiew – Borneo
  56. Chionanthus henryae H.L.Li - USA (Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas)
  57. Chionanthus henryanus P.S.Green. – Southwestern China, Burma
  58. Chionanthus holdridgei (Camp & Monach.) Stearn – Caribbean
  59. Chionanthus implicatus (Rusby) P.S.Green - South America
  60. Chionanthus jamaicensis (Urb.) Stearn - Jamaica
  61. Chionanthus kajewskii (Sleumer) Kiew - Solomon Islands
  62. Chionanthus kinabaluensis Kiew – Borneo
  63. Chionanthus kostermansii Kiew
  64. Chionanthus lancifolius (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
  65. Chionanthus leopoldii Kiew – Borneo
  66. Chionanthus ligustrinus (Sw.) Pers. – Caribbean
  67. Chionanthus littoreus Miq - Sumatra
  68. Chionanthus longiflorus (H.L.Li) B.M.Miao. – Southwestern China (Yunnan)
  69. Chionanthus longipetalus (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
  70. Chionanthus lucens Kiew – Sabah
  71. Chionanthus luzonicus Blume - Philippines
  72. Chionanthus macrobotrys (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
  73. Chionanthus macrocarpus Blume – Indonesia, Malaysia
  74. Chionanthus macrothyrsus (Merr.) Soejarto & P.K.Lôc - Vietnam
  75. Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P.S.Green - India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Andaman Islands
  76. Chionanthus maxwellii P.S.Green - Thailand
  77. Chionanthus megistocarpus Fern.Alonso & Cogollo
  78. Chionanthus micranthus (Mart.) Lozano & Fuertes - Brazil
  79. Chionanthus microbotrys (Kerr) P.S.Green - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
  80. Chionanthus microstigma (Gagnep.) P.S.Green - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
  81. Chionanthus minutiflorus Kurz - Burma
  82. Chionanthus montanus Blume - Java, Sulawesi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
  83. Chionanthus nitens Koord. & Valeton - Java, Sulawesi
  84. Chionanthus nitidus (Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
  85. Chionanthus oblanceolatus (B.L.Rob.) P.S.Green - Mexico + Central America
  86. Chionanthus oblongifolius Koord. & Valeton - Java
  87. Chionanthus oliganthus (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
  88. Chionanthus pachyphyllus (Merr.) Kiew – Borneo
  89. Chionanthus palustris Kiew – Borneo
  90. Chionanthus panamensis (Standl.) Stearn - Mexico, Central America
  91. Chionanthus parkinsonii (Hutch.) Bennet & Raizada - Thailand, Vietnam, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
  92. Chionanthus parviflorus Cornejo, Lombardi & W.W.Thomas
  93. Chionanthus pedunculatus P.S.Green - New Caledonia
  94. Chionanthus plurifloroides Kiew – Borneo
  95. Chionanthus pluriflorus (Knobl.) Kiew – Borneo
  96. Chionanthus polycephalus Kiew – Borneo
  97. Chionanthus polygamus (Roxb.) Kiew – Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea
  98. Chionanthus porcatus Kiew – Borneo
  99. Chionanthus proctorii Stearn - Jamaica
  100. Chionanthus pubescens Kunth. – Ecuador, Peru
  101. Chionanthus pubicalyx (Ridl.) Kiew – Borneo
  102. Chionanthus purpureus Lam. - Sri Lanka
  103. Chionanthus pygmaeus Small (Pygmy fringetree) – Southeastern United States (Florida)
  104. Chionanthus pyriformis Kiew
  105. Chionanthus quadristamineus F.Muell. – Australia (Lord Howe Island endemic)
  106. Chionanthus racemosus (Merr.) Kiew & Pelser
  107. Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxburgh – Australia (Queensland), southern China, India, Nepal, Vietnam
  108. Chionanthus remotinervius (Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
  109. Chionanthus retusus Lindley & Paxton (Chinese fringetree) – China, Japan, Korea
  110. Chionanthus riparius (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
  111. Chionanthus robinsonii (Gagnep.) B.H.Quang
  112. Chionanthus rostratus (Teijsm. & Binn.) Miq. - Java
  113. Chionanthus rugosus Kiew – Borneo
  114. Chionanthus rupicola (Lingelsh.) Kiew - Indonesia, New Guinea
  115. Chionanthus sabahensis Kiew – Sabah
  116. Chionanthus salicifolius (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
  117. Chionanthus sessiliflorus (Hemsl.) Kiew - New Guinea + Solomon Islands
  118. Chionanthus sleumeri (C.T.White) Stearn – Australia (Queensland)
  119. Chionanthus sordidus Kiew
  120. Chionanthus spicatus Blume – Borneo
  121. Chionanthus spicifer (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
  122. Chionanthus stenurus (Merr.) Kiew - Sulawesi
  123. Chionanthus subcapitatus (Merr.) B.H.Quang
  124. Chionanthus subsessilis (Eichler) P.S.Green - Brazil
  125. Chionanthus sulawesicus Kiew
  126. Chionanthus sumatranus Blume - Sumatra + Andaman Islands
  127. Chionanthus sutepensis (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
  128. Chionanthus tenuis P.S.Green - Brazil
  129. Chionanthus thorelii (Gagnep.) P.S.Green - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
  130. Chionanthus timorensis Blume - Timor
  131. Chionanthus trichotomus (Vell.) P.S.Green - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
  132. Chionanthus urbanii (Knobl.) Stearn - Hispaniola
  133. Chionanthus vargasii Fern.Alonso & Cogollo
  134. Chionanthus velutinus (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
  135. Chionanthus verruculatus D.Fang - China (Guangxi)
  136. Chionanthus virginicus L. (White fringetree) – Eastern United States (Texas to Florida to Massachusetts to Missouri)
  137. Chionanthus vitiensis (Seem.) A.C.Sm. - Niue, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga
  138. Chionanthus wurdackii B.Ståhl - Peru
  139. Chionanthus zeylanicus L. - Sri Lanka, southern India
  140. Chionanthus zollingerianus Koord. & Valeton - Java

References

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  1. ^ a b c Chionanthus Royen. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b Flora of China v 15 p 293, genus Chionanthus

Cited works

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  • Chang, Mei-chen; Chiu, Lien-ching; Wei, Zhi; Green, Peter S. (2008) [1992]. "Oleaceae; Chionanthus". In Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P. H. (eds.). Flora of China. Vol. 15 (Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae). Beijing and St. Louis, MO: Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Retrieved 26 June 2013 – via eFloras.
  • Green, P. S. (1994). "Chionanthus". In Wilson, A. J. G. (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 49: Oceanic Islands 1: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island (online version). Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-644-29385-3. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  • F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Home". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
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