The Tai Viet script (Tai Dam: ꪎꪳ ꪼꪕ ("Tai script"), Vietnamese: Chữ Thái Việt, Thai: อักษรไทดำ, RTGS: akson taidam) is a Brahmic script used by the Tai Dam people and various other Thai people in Vietnam and Thailand.[2]
| Tai Viet ꪎꪳ ꪼꪕ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
Time period | 16th century-present[1] |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Languages | Tai Dam, Tai Daeng, Tai Dón, Thai Song and Tày Tac |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Tavt (359), Tai Viet |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Tai Viet |
| U+AA80–U+AADF | |
History
editAccording to Thai authors, the writing system is probably derived from the old Thai writing of the kingdom of Sukhotai.[3] It has been suggested that the Fakkham script is the source of the Tai Don, Tai Dam and Tai Daeng writing systems found in Jinping (China), northern Laos, and Vietnam.[4]
Differences in phonology of the various local Tai languages, the isolation of communities and the fact that the written language has traditionally been passed down from father to son have led to many local variants. In an attempt to reverse this development and establish a standardized system, Vietnam's various Tai people in the former Northwestern Autonomous Region were approached with a proposal that they should agree on a common standard. Together with Vietnamese researchers, a first proposal called Thống Nhất (or Unified Alphabet) was developed, which was published in 1961 and revised in 1966.[5][6] A unified and standardized version of the script was developed at a UNESCO-sponsored workshop in 2006, named "chữ Thái Việt Nam" (or Vietnamese Tai script). This standardized version was then approved to be included in Unicode.[1]
From May 2008, the improved Thai script was put into official use.[clarification needed]
Description
editThe script consists of 31 consonants and 14 vowels.[3] Unlike most other abugidas or brahmic scripts, the consonants do not have an inherent vowel, and every vowel must be specified with a vowel marker. Vowels are marked with diacritic vowel markers that can appear above, below or to the left and/or right of the consonant.[1] Some vowels carry an inherent final consonant, such as /-aj/, /-am/, /-an/ and /-əw/.[7]
The script uses Latin script punctuation, and also includes five special characters, one to indicate a person, one for the number "one", one to repeat the previous word, one to mark the beginning of a text and one to mark the end of a text.[7]
Traditionally, the script did not use any spacing between words as they were written in a continuous flow, but spacing has become common since the 1980s.[7]
Consonants
editInitial consonant letters have both high and low forms, which are used to indicate tones. The high consonants are used for the syllable final letters -w, -y, -m, -n and -ng. The low consonant letter -k is used for final /k/- and /ʔ/-sounds, while low consonant letters -b and -d are used for final /p/ and /t/.[8][7]
| Character | Name | Sound[9] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low | High | ||
| ꪀ | ꪁ | ko | /k/ |
| ꪂ | ꪃ | kho | /kʰ/ |
| ꪄ | ꪅ | khho | /x/ |
| ꪆ | ꪇ | go | /ɡ/ |
| ꪈ | ꪉ | ngo | /ŋ/ |
| ꪊ | ꪋ | co | /tɕ/ |
| ꪌ | ꪍ | cho | /tɕʰ/ |
| ꪎ | ꪏ | so | /s/ |
| ꪐ | ꪑ | nyo | /ɲ/ |
| ꪒ | ꪓ | do | /d/ |
| ꪔ | ꪕ | to | /t/ |
| ꪖ | ꪗ | tho | /tʰ/ |
| Character | Name | Sound[9] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low | High | ||
| ꪘ | ꪙ | no | /n/ |
| ꪚ | ꪛ | bo | /b/ |
| ꪜ | ꪝ | po | /p/ |
| ꪞ | ꪟ | pho | /pʰ/ |
| ꪠ | ꪡ | fo | /f/ |
| ꪢ | ꪣ | mo | /m/ |
| ꪤ | ꪥ | yo | /j/ |
| ꪦ | ꪧ | ro | /r/ |
| ꪨ | ꪩ | lo | /l/ |
| ꪪ | ꪫ | vo | /v/ |
| ꪬ | ꪭ | ho | /h/ |
| ꪮ | ꪯ | o | /ʔ/ |
Vowels
editThe consonant character's position is marked with a circle: ◌.
| Character | Name | Sound[5][9] |
|---|---|---|
| ◌ꪰ | mai kang | /a/ |
| ◌ꪱ | aa | /aː/ |
| ◌ꪲ | i | /i/ |
| ◌ꪳ | ue | /ɨ/ |
| ◌ꪴ | u | /u/ |
| ꪵ◌ | ee | /ɛ/ |
| ꪶ◌ | o | /o/ |
| ◌ꪷ | mai khit | /ɔ/* |
| Character | Name | Sound[5][9] |
|---|---|---|
| ◌ꪸ | ia | /iə̯/ |
| ꪹ◌ | uea | /ɨə̯/ |
| ◌ꪺ | ua | /uə̯/ |
| ꪻ◌ | aue | /əw/ |
| ꪼ◌ | ay | /aj/ |
| ◌ꪽ | an | /an/ |
| ◌ꪾ | am | /am/ |
- When /ɔ/ has a final, ◌ꪮ is used instead.
Some additional vowels are written with a combination of two vowel characters. The following four combinations are used for Tai Dam:
| Character | Sound[5][9] |
|---|---|
| ꪹ◌ꪸ | /e/ |
| ꪹ◌ꪷ | /ə/ |
| ꪹ◌ꪱ | /aw/ |
| ◌ꪚꪾ | /ap/ |
Some sounds are spelled differently in Tai Dón compared to in Tai Dam:[10]
| Character | Compare with Tai Dam | Sound[10]: 17–20 |
|---|---|---|
| ◌ꪸ | ꪹ◌ꪸ | /e/ |
| ◌ꪷ | ꪹ◌ꪷ | /ə/ |
| ◌ꪺ | ꪶ◌ | /o/ |
| ◌ꪮ | ◌ꪷ | /ɔ/ (in an open syllable) |
| ꪶ◌ꪉ | ◌ꪴꪉ | /uŋ/ |
| ꪶ◌ꪣ | ◌ꪴꪣ | /um/ |
| ◌ꪝꪾ | ◌ꪾ | /am/ |
Tones
editTraditionally the script used no tone marks and only partially indicated tones with the high/low consonant differentiation. The reader had to guess the tone and thus meaning of a word from context. In the 1970s two tone marks were developed, called mai nueng and mai song.[1] Tone 1 is marked with only a low consonant. Tone 4 is marked with only a high consonant. Tone 2 is marked with the first tone mark and a low consonant form. Tone 5 is marked with the first tone mark and a high consonant form. Tone 3 is marked with the second tone mark and a low consonant form. Tone 6 is marked with the second tone mark and a high consonant form.[8][7]
| Character | Name | Low tone | Low tone pitch | High tone | High tone pitch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ◌ | – | 1 | ˨ | 4 | ˥ |
| ◌꪿ | mai ek | 2 | 5 | ||
| ◌꫁ | mai tho | 3 | 6 | ˧˩ | |
| ◌ꫀ | mai nueng | 2 | 5 | ||
| ◌ꫂ | mai song | 3 | 6 |
Unicode
editProposals to encode Tai Viet script in Unicode go back to 2006.[11] A Unicode subcommittee reviewed a February 6, 2007 proposal submitted by James Brase of SIL International for what was then called Tay Viet script.[12] At the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 meeting on April 24, 2007, a revised proposal[7] for the script, now known as Tai Viet, was accepted "as is", with support[13] from TCVN, the Vietnam Quality & Standards Centre.
Tai Viet was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
The Unicode block for Tai Viet is U+AA80–U+AADF:
| Tai Viet[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+AA8x | ꪀ | ꪁ | ꪂ | ꪃ | ꪄ | ꪅ | ꪆ | ꪇ | ꪈ | ꪉ | ꪊ | ꪋ | ꪌ | ꪍ | ꪎ | ꪏ |
| U+AA9x | ꪐ | ꪑ | ꪒ | ꪓ | ꪔ | ꪕ | ꪖ | ꪗ | ꪘ | ꪙ | ꪚ | ꪛ | ꪜ | ꪝ | ꪞ | ꪟ |
| U+AAAx | ꪠ | ꪡ | ꪢ | ꪣ | ꪤ | ꪥ | ꪦ | ꪧ | ꪨ | ꪩ | ꪪ | ꪫ | ꪬ | ꪭ | ꪮ | ꪯ |
| U+AABx | ꪰ | ꪱ | ꪲ | ꪳ | ꪴ | ꪵ | ꪶ | ꪷ | ꪸ | ꪹ | ꪺ | ꪻ | ꪼ | ꪽ | ꪾ | ꪿ |
| U+AACx | ꫀ | ꫁ | ꫂ | |||||||||||||
| U+AADx | ꫛ | ꫜ | ꫝ | ꫞ | ꫟ | |||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
Further reading
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d "Tai Viet". Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ Bảng chữ cái tiếng Thái (Việt Nam), các quy tắc cơ bản. Lịch sử văn hóa Thái, 26/06/2018. In vietnamese.
- ^ a b Bankston, Carl L. "The Tai Dam: Refugees from Vietnam and Laos". Passage: A Journal of Refugee Education. 3 (Winter 1987): 30–31.
- ^ Hartmann, John F. (1986). "The Spread of South Indic Scripts in Southeast Asia". Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 3 (1): 6–20. JSTOR 40860228.
- ^ a b c d Brase, Jim (27 January 2006). "Towards a Unicode Proposal for the Unified Tai Script". Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- ^ Trung Viet, Ngo; Brase, Jim. "Unified Tai Script for Unicode". Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f Brase, Jim (2007-02-20). "N3220: Proposal to encode the Tai Viet script in the UCS" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
- ^ a b "Tai Dam alphabet". Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Brase, Jim (5 May 2008). "Writing Tai Don". Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- ^ a b Brase, J. (2008). Writing Tai Don: Additional characters needed for the Tai Viet script. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08217-tai-don.pdf
- ^ Ngô, Việt Trung; Brase, Jim (2006-01-30). "L2/06-041: Unified Tai Script for Unicode" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
- ^ Brase, Jim (6 February 2007). "L2/07-039R: Tay Viet Script for Unicode" (PDF). Retrieved 9 August 2014.
- ^ "N3221: Support for the proposal (N3220) to encode the Tai Viet script" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2007-03-21. Retrieved 2017-03-24.