Squeeze play (bridge)

A squeeze play (or squeeze) is a technique used in contract bridge and other trick-taking games in which the play of a card (the squeeze card) forces an opponent to discard a winner or the guard of a potential winner. The situation typically occurs in the end game, with only a few cards remaining. Although numerous types of squeezes have been analyzed and catalogued in contract bridge, they were first discovered and described in whist.

Most squeezes operate on the principle that declarer's and dummy's hands can, between them, hold more cards with the potential to take extra tricks than a single defender's hand can protect or guard. Infrequently, due to the difficulty of coordinating their holdings, two defenders can cooperate to squeeze declarer or dummy on the same principle.

Context

Complexity

Squeeze plays are considered by many "to be the domain of the experts but many of the positions are straightforward once the basic principles are understood."^[1] And according to Terence Reese, the squeeze play "in its practical aspects is not particularly difficult. It takes time, admittedly...and has...to be learned – it cannot be 'picked up'".^[2]

Significance and prevalence

Squeeze plays are important in difficult-to-make high-level contracts and in matchpoint play where the taking of one more trick than generally achieved by the field is a real difference-maker likely to result in a top board. The opportunity to employ a squeeze play arises sufficiently frequently that it is essential to learn if one aspires to become an advanced player.^[3]^,^[4]

Terminology

Busy cards: Cards held by defenders which are winners or protecting winners.
Card reading: Determining or assuming the location of the opponents' cards.
The count: The number of tricks that must be lost before the squeeze can function.
Rectify the count: To lose the necessary number of tricks.
Entry: A high card or trump that enables declarer to place the lead in the hand that holds, or that will hold, another card that the squeeze has established.
Idle cards: Cards that can safely be discarded by defenders (i.e., are not busy). Rectifying the count removes idle cards from the defenders' hands.
Menace or threat cards: Cards held by declarer or dummy which start out as losers, but which may be promoted to winning rank when the squeeze forces the defense to discard its stoppers.
Squeeze card: The card which (when led) forces the defense to discard a busy card or cards. Before the squeeze card can bring the squeeze about, several conditions described below must be met.^[5]

Conditions

The most basic forms of squeeze require all the following conditions to be in place before the squeeze can operate:^[6]

The defense's guards in the threat suits must be held by one defender only.
The count has been rectified which ensures that:
- Declarer has enough winners to take all the remaining tricks but one, which is to be gained from the squeeze; and
- The defender being squeezed has no idle cards.
Between them, declarer and dummy have threat cards in two suits that the squeeze may establish as winners:
- At least one of the threat cards must be in the hand opposite the squeeze card; and
- At least one of the threat cards must lie in the hand that plays after the squeezed defender.
There is an entry to the threat card opposite the squeeze card.

Examples

Example 1		♠	A J
		♥	K
		♦	—
		♣	—
♠	K Q	N W E S		♠
♥	A			♥	Q J 10
♦	—			♦
♣	—			♣	—
South to lead		♠	4
		♥	2
		♦	—
		♣	A

South needs all three remaining tricks in a notrump contract. South leads the squeeze card, the ♣A, and West is squeezed in hearts and spades. If West discards the ♥A, North's ♥K becomes a winner. If West discards either spade, North's ♠J becomes a winner.

Note the following features of this position:

One defender, West, holds the defense's only guards in declarer's two threat suits, spades and hearts.
The count is rectified. Three cards remain, and declarer has two immediate winners (the ♣A and ♠A). Another winner will be established by the squeeze (either the ♥K or the ♠J).
The ♥K and the ♠J are the threat cards. At least one threat card (in this case, both the ♥K and the ♠J) lies opposite the squeeze card (the ♣A).
At least one threat card (in this case, both the ♥K and the ♠J) is in the hand that plays after the squeezed defender.
The ♠A is an entry to either threat card.

This is an example of a positional squeeze, because both threat cards are in the same hand, North's. No threat card lies over East and therefore the squeeze can take effect only if West is to be squeezed.

Example 2		♠	A J
		♥	K
		♦	—
		♣	—
♠		N W E S		♠	K Q
♥	Q J 10			♥	A
♦				♦	—
♣	—			♣	—
South to lead		♠	4
		♥	2
		♦	—
		♣	A

If West's cards are transferred to East, as shown in Example 2, the squeeze fails because the fourth condition above is not satisfied. In that case, one of the menaces must be discarded before it is East's turn to play. If the ♥K is discarded, East can safely discard the ♥A. If the ♠J is discarded, East can safely discard a spade.

Classification

There are several ways to classify squeezes:

According to which opponent can be squeezed:
- In a positional squeeze, only one opponent can be squeezed.
- In an automatic squeeze, either opponent can be squeezed.
According to number of opponents squeezed:
- In a single squeeze, only one opponent is squeezed.
- In a double squeeze, both opponents are squeezed.
According to number of suits involved:
- In a two-suit squeeze, there are menaces in two suits.
- In a three-suit squeeze, there are menaces in three suits.
- In a compound squeeze, there are menaces in three suits (against one); then, menaces in three suits (against both opponents). It could be named a six-suit squeeze.^[7]
- The peculiar and rare single-suit squeeze is actually a type of endplay rather than a real squeeze.
According to what is gained:
- In a material squeeze, the opponents are forced to give up a trick directly.
- In a non-material squeeze, the opponents are forced to give up strategic position. For example, an opponent can be squeezed out of an exit card or a card that disturbs declarer's entries. An extra trick, however, may materialize later.
According to the count rectification:
- In a squeeze with the count, the count is rectified before the squeeze card is played, and declarer will lose no more tricks. These are typically material squeezes.
- In a squeeze without the count, the count is not yet rectified. These are typically non-material squeezes, often with a throw-in in the end position.

Most of the common types of squeezes (and some of the rare ones) have names:

Type of Squeeze	Positional or Automatic	Opponents	Suits	Material or Non-material	Count Rectified
Simple squeeze	Either	Single	2	Yes	Yes
Criss-cross squeeze	Automatic	Single	2	Yes	Yes
Trump squeeze	Either	Single	2	Yes	Yes
Progressive squeeze (a.k.a. Triple squeeze)	Positional	Single	3	Yes	Yes
Double squeeze (also: Simultaneous double squeeze Non-simultaneous double squeeze)	Either	Double	3	Yes	Yes
Compound squeeze	Positional	Double	3	Yes	Yes
Entry-shifting squeeze	Positional	Single	2	Yes	Yes
Single-suit squeeze	Positional	Single	1	Yes	No
Strip squeeze	Positional	Single	2–3	Yes	No
Backwash squeeze	Positional	Single	2	Yes	Yes
Cannibal squeeze (a.k.a. Suicide squeeze)	Positional	Single	2	Yes	Yes*
Stepping-stone squeeze	Positional	Either	2	No	No
Guard squeeze	Positional	Either	2–3	Yes	Yes
Vice squeeze	Positional	Single	2–3	Yes	No
Winkle squeeze	Positional	Single	3	No	No
Clash squeeze	Positional	Either	3	Yes	Yes
Saturated squeeze	Positional	Double	4	Yes	Yes
Pseudo-squeeze	N/A	N/A	N/A	No	N/A
Entry squeeze	Either	Either	3	No	No
Knockout squeeze	Either	Single	3	No	No

Notes

^ Moon (2010), Preface.
^ Reese and Jourdain (1980), Preface.
^ Reese and Jourdain (1980), Preface. Reese states that "squeeze possibilities – not always fulfilled, of course – arose on about one hand in every six or seven."
^ Moon (2010), p. 23 states "about one deal in 12 contains the possibility of a squeeze."
^ According to the Official Encyclopedia of Bridge, the concept of a squeeze card was developed by Sidney Lenz. Although squeeze card may be useful as a pedagogical device, the Encyclopedia suggests that the concept of a squeezed position is more useful at the table as a means of arriving at the position necessary for a squeeze to occur.
^ Clyde Love, in Bridge Squeezes Complete, uses terminology that results in the acronym BLUE to summarize these conditions: a defender must be busy in two suits, the loser count must be right, at least one threat must be in the upper hand, and there must be an entry to the threat card.
^ Clyde Love in Bridge Squeezes Complete proposes the term quintuple squeeze as it is a triple squeeze followed by a double squeeze

Bird, David; Smith, Marc (2001). Squeezes Made Simple. Toronto: Master Point Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-894154-32-1. OCLC 46620681.
Bird, David (2002). Bridge Squeezes for Everyone. Toronto: Master Point Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-894154-42-0. OCLC 48533829.
Coffin, George. Endplays in Bridge: Eliminations, Squeezes and Coups. LCCN 81069898.
Eng, Fook H. (1973). Bridge Squeezes Illustrated. Los Angeles: Eng. p. 185. OCLC 2556958.
Freehill, H.G. (1949). The Squeeze at Bridge. London: Faber and Faber. p. 126. OCLC 2813446.
French, Marvin L. (2013). Squeeze Refresher (For Good Bridge Players) (PDF). San Diego: Self Published. p. 90.
Kelsey, Hugh (1985). Simple Squeezes. Master Bridge Series. Victor Gollancz Ltd. in association with Peter Crawley (London), 120p. ISBN 0-575-03607-9.
Kelsey, Hugh (1986). Strip-Squeezes. Master Bridge Series. Victor Gollancz Ltd. in association with Peter Crawley (London), 120p. ISBN 0-575-03896-9.
Kelsey, Hugh (1997). Double Squeezes. Master Bridge Series. Victor Gollancz Ltd. in association with Peter Crawley (London), 125p. ISBN 0-575-04115-3.
Kelsey, Hugh (1990). Triple Squeezes. Master Bridge Series. Victor Gollancz Ltd. in association with Peter Crawley (London), 120p. ISBN 0-575-04718-6.
Laderman, Julian (2007). A Bridge to Simple Squeezes (2nd ed.). Toronto: Master Point Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-897106-26-6. OCLC 154712413.
Love, Clyde E. (1951). Squeeze Play in Bridge. New York: Richard R. Smith Publisher Inc. p. 183. OCLC 2556862.
Love, Clyde E. (1959). Bridge Squeezes Complete or Winning End Play Strategy (1st ed.). Long Island, NY: Barclay Bridge Supplies, Sterling Publishing Company Inc. p. 260. LCCN 59014249.
Love, Clyde E. (2010). Lee, Linda; Pottage, Julian (eds.). Bridge Squeezes Complete: Winning Endgame Strategy (Revised ed.). Toronto: Master Point Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-1-897106-58-7.
Mollo, Victor; Gardener, Nico (1955). Card Play Technique or the Art of Being Lucky (1st ed.). London: George Newnes Limited.
Moon, Anthony (2010). Simple Squeezes (2nd ed.). Pressure Point Press. ISBN 978-0-9561532-5-8.
Ottlik, Géza; Kelsey, Hugh (1979). Adventures in Card Play. London: Victor Gallancz Ltd. in association with Peter Crawley. Also, Adventures in Card Play. (2005) London: Cassell in association with Peter Crawley, 7th Impression. ISBN 0-304-36807-5.
Reese, Terence; Jourdain, Patrick (1980). Squeeze Play is Easy. London: George Allen & Unwin LTD. ISBN 0-04-793047-0, 145 pages{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) / Squeeze Play Made Easy. New York: Sterling Publishing Co. Inc. 1980. ISBN 0-8069-4940-6, 145 pages{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Reese, Terence. Master Play in Contract Bridge
Schuld, Frank (1977). The Simple Squeeze in Bridge (New and Revised ed.). New York: Drake Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-8473-1453-7.
Squire, Norman (1979). Squeeze Play Simplified. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-7156-1292-1.
Thoma, Peter. The Art of Bridge Squeezes
Wang, Chien-Hwa (1993). The Squeeze at Bridge. Cadogan bridge series. London: Cadogan Books. p. 203. ISBN 1-85744-507-4. LCCN 93007343.

[1] Moon (2010), Preface.

[ReeseJourdain-2] Reese and Jourdain (1980), Preface.

[3] Reese and Jourdain (1980), Preface. Reese states that "squeeze possibilities – not always fulfilled, of course – arose on about one hand in every six or seven."

[4] Moon (2010), p. 23 states "about one deal in 12 contains the possibility of a squeeze."

[5] According to the Official Encyclopedia of Bridge, the concept of a squeeze card was developed by Sidney Lenz. Although squeeze card may be useful as a pedagogical device, the Encyclopedia suggests that the concept of a squeezed position is more useful at the table as a means of arriving at the position necessary for a squeeze to occur.

[6] Clyde Love, in Bridge Squeezes Complete, uses terminology that results in the acronym BLUE to summarize these conditions: a defender must be busy in two suits, the loser count must be right, at least one threat must be in the upper hand, and there must be an entry to the threat card.

[7] Clyde Love in Bridge Squeezes Complete proposes the term quintuple squeeze as it is a triple squeeze followed by a double squeeze

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