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A '''favela''' ({{IPA-pt|faˈvɛlɐ}}), Portuguese for '''[[slum]]''', is a low-income historically informal urban area in Brazil. The first favela, now known as Providência in the center of Rio de Janeiro, appeared in the late 19th century, built by soldiers who had nowhere to live following the [[War of Canudos|Canudos War.]] Some of the first settlements were called ''bairros africanos'' (African neighborhoods). Over the years, many former [[Slavery in Brazil|enslaved Africans]] moved in.
Even before the first favela came into being, poor citizens were pushed away from the city and forced to live in the far suburbs. However, most modern favelas appeared in the 1970s due to [[Rural flight|rural exodus]], when many people left rural areas of Brazil and moved to cities. Unable to find places to live, many people found themselves in favelas.<ref>[http://www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/darcy-ribeiro/o-povo-brasileiro.php Darcy Ribeiro, O Povo Brasileiro] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203132637/http://www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/darcy-ribeiro/o-povo-brasileiro.php |date=3 December 2008 }}. Colegiosaofrancisco.com.br.</ref> Census data released in December 2011 by the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE) showed that in 2010, about 6 percent of the Brazilian population lived in slums.<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=2057=1 Subnormal Agglomerates 2010 Census: 11.4 million Brazilians (6.0%) live in subnormal agglomerates] – article at IBGE</ref> In areas of irregular occupation definable by lack of public services or urbanization, referred to by the IBGE as "subnormal agglomerations".
==History==
The term favela dates back to the late 1800s.<ref>[http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/chad/thefavel.htm Article] at Macalerster College</ref> At the time, soldiers were brought from the [[War of Canudos|conflict against the settlers of Canudos]], in the Eastern province of [[Bahia]], to [[Rio de Janeiro]] and left with no place to live.<ref>[http://www.brazzillog.com/pages/cvrjun97.htm Favelas commemorate 100 years – accessed 25 December 2006]. Brazzillog.com.</ref> When they served the army in Bahia, those soldiers had been familiar with Canudos's Favela Hill – a name referring to ''favela'', a skin-irritating tree in the [[spurge family]] (''[[Cnidoscolus quercifolius]]'') indigenous to Bahia.<ref>Pedro A. Pinto, ''[[Os Sertões]] de [[Euclides da Cunha]]: Vocabulário e Notas Lexiológicas'', Rio: Francisco Al
The favelas were formed prior to the dense occupation of cities and the domination of real estate interests.<ref name="ReferenceA">Ney dos Santos Oliveira., "Favelas and Ghettos:race and Class in Rio de Janeiro
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The [[cocaine]] trade has affected Brazil and in turn its favelas, which tend to be ruled by drug lords. Regular shoot-outs between traffickers and police and other criminals, as well as assorted illegal activities, lead to murder rates in excess of 40 per 100,000 inhabitants in the city of Rio and much higher rates in some Rio favelas.<ref name = myth>The Myth of Personal Security: Criminal Gangs, Dispute Resolution, and Identity in Rio de Janeiro's Favelas. By: Arias, Enrique Desmond; Rodrigues, Corinne Davis. Latin American Politics & Society, Winter2006, Vol. 48 Issue 4, p 53–81, 29p.</ref> Traffickers ensure that individual residents can guarantee their own safety through their actions and political connections to them. They do this by maintaining order in the favela and giving and receiving reciprocity and respect, thus creating an environment in which critical segments of the local population feel safe despite continuing high levels of violence.
Drug use is highly concentrated in these areas run by local gangs in each highly populated favela. Drug sales run rampant at night when many favelas host their own ''baile'', or dance party, where many different social classes can be found. These drug sales make up a business that in some of the occupied areas rakes in as much as US$150 million per month, according to official estimates released by the Rio media.<ref>[http://brazzilmag.com/component/content/article/34/5790-brazilian-army-caves-in-to-favelas-drug-dealers.html Brazilian Army Caves in to Favela's Drug Dealers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324171843/http://brazzilmag.com/component/content/article/34/5790-brazilian-army-caves-in-to-favelas-drug-dealers.html |date=24 March 2014 }}. Brazzilmag.com (14 March 2006).</ref>
===Growth and removal of the favelas===
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* The 2008 [[anime]] series ''[[Michiko & Hatchin]]'' is variously set in [[South America]], including Brazil, featuring favelas.
* The 2008 movie ''[[The Incredible Hulk (film)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' features footage shot in [[Rocinha]].
* The 2011 movie ''[[Fast Five]]'' features the characters living in Rio's favelas after escaping custody by American forces. Most of Fast Five was filmed in Puerto Rico, only a few scenes were filmed in Rio<ref>{{cite web |title=Puerto Rico Represents Brazil for Fast Five |publisher=Ramascreen |url=http://www.ramascreen.com/puerto-rico-represents-brazil-for-fast-five |accessdate=20 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809000534/http://www.ramascreen.com/puerto-rico-represents-brazil-for-fast-five |archivedate=9 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* The second level in the 2011 video game ''[[F.3.A.R.]]'' takes place in a favela as the main character must make his escape from pursuing enemy forces.
* In the 2011 movie ''[[Rio (2011 film)|Rio]]'', some of the scenes take place in the favela. It features the main characters (Blu and Jewel) being kidnapped for illegal wildlife trade and kept deep in one of the many houses in Rio's favelas.
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