Sognamål dialect

Sognamål dialect
Sognamål dialect
sognamaol
Region	Sogn
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Northwest Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian (disputed) Sognamål dialect; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Old Norse Old West Norse Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin (Norwegian alphabet); Norwegian Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
IETF	no-u-sd-no14
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Sognamål (literally "Sogn language", in Sognamål; sognamaol) is a Western Norwegian dialect which is spoken in the area of Sogn. One of the most prominent features of Sognamål is the pronunciation [aʊ] instead of [ɔː] in many words, i.e. exactly how the letter "á" is pronounced in modern Icelandic. The folk/black metal band Windir from Sogndal used the dialect in their lyrics.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes^[2]
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive / Affricate	voiceless	p	t	c͡ç	k
Plosive / Affricate	voiced	b	d	ɟ͡ʝ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s			h
Fricative	voiced	v
Trill			r

/m, p, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.
/p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ are plosives, whereas /c͡ç, ɟ͡ʝ/ are affricates.^[2]
Phonetically, /r/ can be trilled [r] or tapped [ɾ].^[2]

Vowels

Monophthongs of Sognamål, from Haugen (2004:30)

Monophthong phonemes of Sognamål^[3]
	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː			ʊ	ʊː
Mid	ɛ	eː	ø	øː	ɔ	ɔː
Open					a	aː

/eː/ is close-mid front [eː]. Its short counterpart is the open-mid front [ɛ].^[3]
/ʊ, ʊː/ are close-mid [o, oː].^[3]
The long /øː/ is open-mid front [œː], whereas the short /ø/ varies between open-mid front [œ] and near-close front [ʉ̞˖].^[3]
/ɔ, ɔː/ are open-mid [ɔ, ɔː].^[3]
/a, aː/ are central [ä, äː].^[3]

Part 1 of Sognamål diphthongs, from Haugen (2004:31)

Part 2 of Sognamål diphthongs, from Haugen (2004:31)

Diphthong phonemes of Sognamål^[4]
Starting point	Ending point
	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close			iʉ	iʉː
Close-mid	ei	eiː	eʉ	eʉː
Open-mid	ɔi	ɔiː	øy	øyː	oʊ	oʊː
Open	ai	aiː			aʊ	aʊː

/iʉ, iʉː/ are phonetically [iʉ̟, iʉ̟ː].^[5]
/ei, eiː/ are phonetically [ei, eiː].^[5]
/eʉ, eʉː/ are phonetically [eʉ̟, eʉ̟ː].^[5]
/øy, øyː/ are phonetically [œy, œyː].^[5]
/ɔi, ɔiː/ are phonetically [ɔ̟i, ɔ̟iː].^[5]
/oʊ, oʊː/ are phonetically [ɔo, ɔoː].^[5]
/ai, aiː/ are phonetically [äi, äiː].^[5]
/aʊ, aʊː/ are phonetically [äo̟, äo̟ː].^[5]

References

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c Haugen (2004), p. 32.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Haugen (2004), p. 30.
^ Haugen (2004), pp. 30–31.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Haugen (2004), p. 31.

Bibliography

Haugen, Ragnhild (2004), Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal (PDF), Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen

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[1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.

[FOOTNOTEHaugen200432-2] Haugen (2004), p. 32.

[FOOTNOTEHaugen200430-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Haugen (2004), p. 30.

[FOOTNOTEHaugen200430–31-4] Haugen (2004), pp. 30–31.

[FOOTNOTEHaugen200431-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Haugen (2004), p. 31.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Sognamål dialect
sognamaol
Region	Sogn
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Northwest Germanic^[1] North Germanic West Scandinavian (disputed) Sognamål dialect
Early forms	Old Norse Old West Norse Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian
Writing system	Latin (Norwegian alphabet) Norwegian Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
IETF	`no-u-sd-no14`
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.