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Sayyid dynasty

The Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451 for 37 years.[4] The first ruler of the dynasty, Khizr Khan, who was the Timurid vassal of Multan, conquered Delhi in 1414, while the rulers proclaimed themselves the Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate under Mubarak Shah,[5][6] which succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty and ruled the Sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty in 1451.

Sayyid
سید
1414–1451
Territories of the Sayyid Dynasty, and main contemporary South Asian polities.[1]
Territories of the Sayyid Dynasty, and main contemporary South Asian polities.[1]
CapitalDelhi
Common languagesPersian (official)[2]
Religion
Sunni Islam[3]
GovernmentMonarchy
Sultan 
• 1414–1421
Khizr Khan Sayyid
• 1421–1434
Mubarak Shah
• 1434–1443
Muhammad Shah
• 1443–1451
Ala-ud-Din Shah
History 
• Established
28 May 1414
• Disestablished
20 April 1451
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Tughlaq dynasty
Lodi dynasty
Langah Sultanate
Today part of

Origins

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A contemporary writer Yahya Sirhindi mentions in his Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi that Khizr Khan was a descendant of Muhammad.[7] Members of the dynasty derived their title, Sayyid, or the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, based on the claim that they belonged to his lineage through his daughter Fatima. However, Yahya Sirhindi based his conclusions on unsubstantial evidence, the first being a casual recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalaluddin Bukhari of Uch Sharif of his Sayyid heritage in the household of his adoptive grandfather Malik Mardan Daulat who is also referred to as Malik Mardan Bhatti by Yahya,[8][9][10] and the second being the Sultan's noble character which distinguished him as possessing the moral qualities of Muhammad's descendant.[11]

Abraham Eraly is of the opinion that Khizr Khan's ancestors were likely descendants of an Arab family who had long ago settled in the region of Multan during the early Tughluq period, but he doubts his Sayyid lineage.[12] A.L. Srivastava shares a similar viewpoint.[13] According to Richard M. Eaton and oriental scholar Simon Digby, Khizr Khan was a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokhar clan, who was sent to Timur as an ambassador and negotiator from the most adjacent area, the Punjab, ultimately becoming the power holder in Delhi, thanks to the contacts he had acquired.[14][15]

History

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The tomb of Muhammad Shah at Lodi Gardens, New Delhi.

Khizr Khan was originally a noble in the Delhi Sultanate during the Tughlaq Dynasty and was the governor of Multan under Sultan Firuz Shah. He was expelled from the city by the Muin tribes under Sarang Khan who occupied Multan in 1395,[16][17] an Indian Muslim and the brother of Mallu Iqbal Khan, who was the de-facto ruler of Delhi.[18][19][20][21] Sarang Khan was aided by the servants of Malik Mardan Bhatti, a former governor of Multan and the grandfather of Khizr Khan by adoption.[22][23]

Following Timur's 1398 Sack of Delhi,[24] he appointed Khizr Khan as deputy of Multan (Punjab).[25] He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh.[26][27] Collecting his forces in Multan, Khizr Khan defeated and killed Mallu Iqbal Khan in Delhi in 1405.[28] He then captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty.[25] Khizr Khan did not take up the title of Sultan, but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timur as Rayat-i-Ala (vassal) of the Timurids - initially that of Timur, and later his son Shah Rukh.[29][30] After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions.[31]

Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Sayyid Mubarak Shah after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah on his coins, removing the Timurid name with the name of the Caliph, and declared himself a Shah.[32][33] A detailed account of his reign is available in the Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi written by Yahya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi. After the death of Mubarak Shah, his nephew, Muhammad Shah ascended the throne and styled himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, he called his son Sayyid Ala-ud-Din Shah from Badaun, and nominated him as successor.[citation needed]

The last ruler of the Sayyids, Ala-ud-Din, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.[34]

Kings

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Khizr Khan

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Billon Tanka of Khizr Khan in the name of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.

Khizr Khan was the governor of Multan under Firuz Shah Tughlaq. When Timur invaded India, Khizr Khan, a Sayyid from Multan joined him. Timur appointed him the governor of Multan and Lahore. He then conquered the city of Delhi and started the rule of the Sayyids in 1414. He was ruling in the name of Timur. He could not assume an independent position in all respects. As a mark of recognition of the suzerainty of the Timurids, the name of the Timurid ruler (Shah Rukh) was recited in the khutba but as an interesting innovation, the name of Khizr Khan was also attached to it. But strangely enough, the name of the Timurid ruler was not inscribed on the coins and the name of the old Tughlaq sultan continued on the currency. No coins are known in the name of Khizr Khan.[35]

Mubarak Shah

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Double falls of Mubarak Shah

Mubarak Shah was the son of Khizr Khan, who ascended the throne in the year 1421. Mubarak Shah discontinued his father's nominal allegiance to Timur.[36] He freely used the royal title of Shah along with his own name, and professed allegiance to the Khalifah alone.[37] He was the ablest ruler of the Sayyid dynasty.[38] He defeated the advancing Hoshang Shah Ghori, the ruler of the Malwa Sultanate and forced him to pay heavy tribute early in his reign.[39] Mubarak Shah also put down the rebellion of Jasrath Khokhar and managed to fend off multiple invasions by the Timurids of Kabul.[40]

Muhammad Shah

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Tomb of Mubarak Shah.

Muhammad Shah was a nephew of Mubarak Shah. He ruled from 1434 to 1443. Muhammad Shah acceded to the throne with the help of Sarwar ul Mulk. After that Shah wanted to free himself from the domination of Sarwar ul Mulk with the help of his faithful vizier Kamal ul Mulk. His reign was marked by many rebellions and conspiracies, and he died in the year 1445. Multan became independent under the Langahs during his rule.[41]

Alam Shah

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The last ruler of the Sayyid dynasty, Alauddin Alam Shah was defeated by Bahlol Lodi, who started the Lodi dynasty.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 39, 148. ISBN 0226742210.
  2. ^ "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  3. ^ V. D. Mahajan (2007). History of Medieval India. S. Chand. ISBN 9788121903646.
  4. ^ See:
    • M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, ISBN 978-9004177581, Brill
    • The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109
    • Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, ISBN 978-9004083417, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat
  5. ^ V. D. Mahajan (2007). History of Medieval India. S. Chand. ISBN 9788121903646.
  6. ^ Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780810855038.
  7. ^ Porter, Yves; Degeorge, Gérard (2009). The Glory of the Sultans: Islamic Architecture in India. Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08-030110-9. Though Timur had since withdrawn his forces, the Sayyid Khizr Khān , the scion of a venerable Arab family who had settled in Multān, continued to pay him tribute.
  8. ^ The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig. S. Chand. 1958. The claim of Khizr Khān, who founded the dynasty known as the Sayyids, to descent from the prophet of Arabia was dubious, and rested chiefly on its causal recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalāl-ud-dīn of Bukhārā.
  9. ^ Journal of Sikh Studies:Volume 20. Department of Guru Nanak Studies. 1996. p. 61.
  10. ^ Beveridge, Henry (1992). Tarikh-I-Mubarakshahi. Rima Publishing House. p. 168.
  11. ^ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1951). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  12. ^ Eraly, Abraham (1 April 2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin UK. p. 261. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8. The first of these two dynasties was founded by Khizr Khan, who bore the appellation 'Sayyid', which identified him as a descendant of prophet Muhammad, so the dynasty he founded came to be known as the Sayyid dynasty. The veracity of Khizr Khan's claimed lineage is uncertain, but it is likely that his forebears were Arabs, who had migrated to India in the early Tughluq period and settled in Multan. The family prospered in India, gaining wealth and power. This advancement culminated in Malik Suleiman, Khizr Khan's father, becoming the governor of Multan under the Tughluqs. When Suleiman died, Khizr Khan succeeded him to the post, but lost it during the political turmoil following the death of Firuz Tughluq.
  13. ^ Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1953). The Sultanate of Delhi: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, 711-1526 A. D. S. L. Agarwala. p. 229. ISBN 978-8193009352. their claim of Descendants of Prophet Mohammad is dubious but it seems certain that Khizr Khan's ancestors came from Arabia
  14. ^ Eaton, Richard M. (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. University of California Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0520325128. The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan, illustrates the transition to an increasingly polycentric north India.
  15. ^ Digby, Simon (2014). "After Timur Left: North India in the Fifteenth Century". In Orsini, Francesca; Sheikh, Samira (eds.). After Timur Left: Culture and Circulation in Fifteenth-century North India. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–59. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-945066-4. —and we find that a Khokar chieftain, Khizr Khan, who was sent to Timur as an ambassador and negotiator for tribute from the most adjacent area, the Punjab, ultimately became the power-holder in Delhi, thanks to the contacts he had acquired.
  16. ^ Surender Singh (2019). The Making of Medieval Panjab Politics, Society and Culture C. 1000–c. 1500.
  17. ^ Raj Kumar (2008). Encyclopaedia Of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval And Modern. p. 280. accompanied by the Bhatti and Main crossed the Sutlej
  18. ^ M. A. Khan (2009). Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery. Indian-origin slave-soldiers (converted Muslims) such as Malik Kafur, Malik Naik, Sarang Khan, Bahadur Nahar, Shaikha Khokhar, and Mallu Khans
  19. ^ John F. Richards; David Gilmartin; Munis D. Faruqui; Richard M. Eaton; Sunil Kuma. Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards. p. 247. Mallu Khan(also known as Iqbal Khan, a former slave
  20. ^ Journal of Indian History - Volume 55. Department of Modern Indian History. 1977. p. 105. Indian Musalmans like Malik Kafur , Khusrau Khan and Khan - i - Jahan Maqbul reached close to the throne , and men like Mallu Khan , Sarang Khan , Muqarrab Khan etc
  21. ^ V. D. Mahajan (2007). History of Medieval India. p. 221. The result of this was that Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah became a tool in the hands of Mallu Iqbal
  22. ^ Singh, Surinder (30 September 2019). The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-76068-2.
  23. ^ Elliot, Sir Henry Miers (1952). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period: The Posthumous Papers of H. M. Elliot. S. Gupta (India). p. 118.
  24. ^ Jackson 2003, p. 103.
  25. ^ a b Kumar 2020, p. 583.
  26. ^ Kenneth Pletcher (2010). The History of India. p. 138. ISBN 9781615301225.
  27. ^ V. D. Mahajan (2007). History of Medieval India. p. 229. ISBN 9788121903646.
  28. ^ Jaswant Lal Mehta (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: Volume 2. p. 247.
  29. ^ Proceedings:Volume 55. Indian History Congress. 1995. p. 216.
  30. ^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India, Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.237
  31. ^ Rajasthan [district Gazetteers] Bharatpur. Printed at Government Central Press. 1971. p. 52.
  32. ^ V. D. Mahajan (2007). History of Medieval India. S. Chand. ISBN 9788121903646.
  33. ^ Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780810855038.
  34. ^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India, Part I, Now Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.244
  35. ^ Nizami, K.A. (1970, reprint 2006) A Comprehensive History of India, Vol-V, Part-1, People Publishing House, ISBN 81-7007-158-5, p.631
  36. ^ Journal: Issues 1-3. Aligarh Historical Research Institute. 1941. p. 73.
  37. ^ V. D. Mahajan (2007). History of Medieval India. p. 239.
  38. ^ Arihant Experts (2021). CTET and TET Social Science and Pedagogy for Class 6 to 8 for 2021 Exams. p. 43.
  39. ^ Lal, Kishori Saran (1980). Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398-1526. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0227-6. Hoshang tried his luck against Sultan of Delhi but he was beaten back by Mubarak Shah Saiyyad to whom he had to pay a handsome tribute
  40. ^ Lal, Kishori Saran (1980). Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398-1526. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 109. ISBN 978-81-215-0227-6.
  41. ^ Masudul Hasan, Abdul Waheed. Outline History of the Islamic World. the University of Michigan. p. 1974.

Sources

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  • Kumar, Sunil (2020). "The Delhi Sultanate as Empire". In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press.
  • Jackson, Peter (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press.
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