Secretary of State for Scotland

The post was first created after the Acts of Union 1707 created the Kingdom of Great Britain from the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. It was abolished in 1746, following the Jacobite rising of 1745. Scottish affairs thereafter were managed by the lord advocate until 1827, when responsibility passed to the Home Office. In 1885 the post of secretary for Scotland was re-created, with the incumbent usually a member of the Cabinet. In 1926 this post was upgraded to a full secretary of state appointment.

After the 1999 Scottish devolution, the powers of the Scottish Office were divided, with most transferred to the Scottish Government or to other British government departments, leaving only a limited role for the Scotland Office. From June 2003 to October 2008, the holder of the office of secretary of state for Scotland also held another Cabinet post concurrently, leading to claims that the Scottish role was seen as a part-time ministry.

With the advent of legislative devolution for Scotland in 1999, the role of secretary of state for Scotland was diminished. Most of the functions vested in the office since administrative devolution in the 19th century were transferred to the newly established Scottish Ministers upon the opening of the Scottish Parliament, or to other UK government ministers. Most of the functions and powers of the secretary of state for Scotland transferred to the first minister of Scotland as the head of the Scottish Government. Donald Dewar served as the first first minister of Scotland between 1999–2000,^[5] having previously served as the secretary of state for Scotland between 1997–1999.^[6]

However, the secretary of state does represent Scotland in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom on matters that are not devolved to the Scottish Parliament, and also holds Scotland Questions on the first Wednesday of every month between 11:30 am and 12 noon, when any member of Parliament can ask a question on any matter relating to Scotland. However, devolved issues are not usually raised by MPs, as these are decided solely by Scottish Government policy, and influenced, discussed and voted on by members of the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh. Moreover, the secretary of state for Scotland cannot introduce any bill or legislation in the UK Parliament relating to a devolved matter under the convention that the UK Government will not introduce legislation on devolved areas without the agreement of the Scottish Parliament.^[7] The secretary of state is also the group leader of the Scottish MPs from the government party.

 

The office mainly acts as a go-between for the UK and Scottish Governments and Parliaments.^[8] However, due to the secretary's position as a minister in the British government, the convention of Cabinet collective responsibility applies, and as such the post is usually viewed as being a partisan one to promote the UK government's decision-making in Scotland, as adherence to the convention precludes doing anything else.

With the rise of the Scottish National Party (SNP) in both the Scottish Parliament and the British Parliament and the resultant interest in Scottish Independence, the secretary of state's role has also subsequently increased in prominence. The Scotland Office itself has received a cumulative increase in budget of 20% from 2013 to 2017, with a 14.4% increase in 2015/16 alone.^[9]

The UK government's website lists the secretary of state for Scotland's responsibilities as being:

• The secretary of state for Scotland is the UK Government Cabinet Minister representing Scotland.
• They act as the custodian of the Scottish devolution settlement.
• They represent Scottish interests within the UK Government
• They advocate for the UK Government’s policies in Scotland.
• They also promote partnership between the UK Government and the Scottish Government, as well as relations between the UK and Scottish Parliaments.^[10]

 

This seeming lack of responsibility has in recent years seen calls from opposition MPs for the scrapping of the role and the Scotland Office.^[11][9] Robert Hazell has suggested merging the offices of secretary of state for Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales into one secretary of state for the Union,^[12] in a department into which Rodney Brazier has suggested adding a minister of state for England with responsibility for English local government.^[13]

More broadly, the UK Government advocates that all UK Government cabinet ministers with responsibility for a territorial secretary of state position are responsible for:^[14]

• the smooth running of the devolution settlements and act as the lynchpin of the relationship between the devolved government and HM Government
• handling legislation as it affects the territory
• representing the territory’s interests in cabinet and cabinet committees
• responding to parliamentary interests in territorial affairs
• transmitting the block grant to the devolved administration
• supporting collaboration between HM Government and the devolved administration
• promoting the interests of the territory

John Erskine, Earl of Mar had served as Secretary of State of the independent Scotland from 1705. Following the Acts of Union 1707, he remained in office.

The post of secretary of state for Scotland existed after the Union of the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England in 1707 till the Jacobite rising of 1745. After the rising, responsibility for Scotland lay primarily with the office of the home secretary, usually exercised by the lord advocate.

Secretary of State		Term of office
	John Erskine Earl of Mar	(since 1705) 1 May 1707	3 February 1709
	James Douglas 2nd Duke of Queensberry	3 February 1709	6 July 1711
	John Erskine Earl of Mar	9 September 1713	24 September 1714
	James Graham 1st Duke of Montrose	24 September 1714	August 1715
	John Ker 1st Duke of Roxburghe	13 December 1716	August 1725
	John Hay 4th Marquess of Tweeddale	25 February 1742	3 January 1746

Office thereafter vacant.

The secretary for Scotland was chief minister in charge of the Scottish Office in the United Kingdom government. The Scotland Office was created in 1885 with the post of secretary for Scotland.^[15] From 1892 the secretary for Scotland sat in cabinet. The post was upgraded to full secretary of state rank as the secretary of state for Scotland in 1926.^[16]

From 1885 to 1999, secretaries for Scotland and secretaries of state for Scotland also ex officio held the post of Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland.^[17] From 1999, the position of keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland has been held by the first minister of Scotland.^[18]

Secretary of State			Term of office		Party	Ministry
		Charles Gordon-Lennox 6th Duke of Richmond [nb 1]	17 August 1885	28 January 1886	Conservative		Salisbury I
		George Trevelyan MP for Hawick Burghs	8 February 1886	March 1886	Liberal		Gladstone III
		John Ramsay 13th Earl of Dalhousie	5 April 1886	20 July 1886	Liberal
		Arthur Balfour MP for Manchester East	5 August 1886	11 March 1887	Conservative		Salisbury II
		Schomberg Kerr 9th Marquess of Lothian	11 March 1887	11 August 1892	Conservative
		George Trevelyan MP for Glasgow Bridgeton	18 August 1892	21 June 1895	Liberal		Gladstone IV
							Rosebery
		Alexander Bruce 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh	29 June 1895	9 October 1903	Conservative		Salisbury (III & IV) (Con.–Lib.U.)
							Balfour (Con.–Lib.U.)
		Andrew Murray MP for Buteshire	9 October 1903	2 February 1905	Conservative
		John Hope 1st Marquess of Linlithgow	2 February 1905	4 December 1905	Conservative
		John Sinclair 1st Baron Pentland[nb 2]	10 December 1905	13 February 1912	Liberal		Campbell-Bannerman
							Asquith (I–III)
		Thomas McKinnon Wood MP for Glasgow St Rollox	13 February 1912	9 July 1916	Liberal
							Asquith Coalition (Lib.–Con.–Lab.)
		Harold Tennant MP for Berwickshire	9 July 1916	5 December 1916	Liberal
		Robert Munro MP for Roxburgh and Selkirk [nb 3]	10 December 1916	19 October 1922	Liberal		Lloyd George (I & II) (Lib.–Con.–Lab.)
		Ronald Munro Ferguson 1st Viscount Novar	24 October 1922	22 January 1924	Independent		Law
							Baldwin I
		William Adamson MP for West Fife	22 January 1924	3 November 1924	Labour		MacDonald I
		John Gilmour MP for Glasgow Pollok	6 November 1924	26 July 1926[inconsistent]	Unionist		Baldwin II

Secretary of State			Term of office		Party	Ministry
		John Gilmour[19] MP for Glasgow Pollok	26 July 1926 [inconsistent]	4 June 1929	Unionist		Baldwin II
		William Adamson MP for West Fife	7 June 1929	24 August 1931	Labour		MacDonald II
		Archibald Sinclair[20] MP for Caithness and Sutherland	25 August 1931	28 September 1932	Liberal		National I (N.Lab.–Con.–Lib.N.–Lib.)
							National II (N.Lab.–Con.–Lib.N.–Lib.)
		Godfrey Collins[21] MP for Greenock	28 September 1932	29 October 1936	Liberal National
							National III (Con.–N.Lab.–Lib.N.)
		Walter Elliot[22] MP for Glasgow Kelvingrove	29 October 1936	6 May 1938	Unionist
							National IV (Con.–N.Lab.–Lib.N.)
		John Colville[23] MP for Midlothian and Peebles Northern	6 May 1938	10 May 1940	Unionist
							Chamberlain War (Con.–N.Lab.–Lib.N.)
		Ernest Brown[24] MP for Leith	14 May 1940	8 February 1941	Liberal National		Churchill War (All parties)
		Thomas Johnston[25] MP for West Stirlingshire	8 February 1941	23 May 1945	Labour
		Harry Primrose 6th Earl of Rosebery	25 May 1945	26 July 1945	Liberal National		Churchill Caretaker (Con.–N.Lib.)
		Joseph Westwood[26] MP for Stirling and Falkirk	3 August 1945	7 October 1947	Labour		Attlee (I & II)
		Arthur Woodburn[27] MP for Clackmannan and Eastern Stirlingshire	7 October 1947	28 February 1950	Labour
		Hector McNeil[28] MP for Greenock	28 February 1950	26 October 1951	Labour
		James Stuart MP for Moray and Nairn	30 October 1951	13 January 1957	Unionist		Churchill III
							Eden
		John Maclay[29] MP for West Renfrewshire	13 January 1957	13 July 1962	Unionist		Macmillan (I & II)
		Michael Noble[30] MP for Argyllshire	13 July 1962	16 October 1964	Unionist
							Douglas-Home
		Willie Ross[31] MP for Kilmarnock	18 October 1964	19 June 1970	Labour		Wilson (I & II)
		Gordon Campbell MP for Moray and Nairn	20 June 1970	4 March 1974	Conservative		Heath
		Willie Ross MP for Kilmarnock	5 March 1974	8 April 1976	Labour		Wilson (III & IV)
		Bruce Millan[32] MP for Glasgow Craigton	8 April 1976	4 May 1979	Labour		Callaghan
		George Younger[33] MP for Ayr	5 May 1979	11 January 1986	Conservative		Thatcher I
							Thatcher II
		Malcolm Rifkind[34] MP for Edinburgh Pentlands	11 January 1986	28 November 1990	Conservative
							Thatcher III
		Ian Lang[35] MP for Galloway and Upper Nithsdale	28 November 1990	5 July 1995	Conservative		Major I
							Major II
		Michael Forsyth[36] MP for Stirling	5 July 1995	2 May 1997	Conservative
		Donald Dewar[37] MP for Glasgow Anniesland	2 May 1997	17 May 1999	Labour		Blair I
		John Reid[38] MP for Hamilton North and Bellshill	17 May 1999	25 January 2001	Labour
		Helen Liddell[39] MP for Airdrie and Shotts	25 January 2001	13 June 2003	Labour		Blair II
		Alistair Darling[40][a] MP for Edinburgh South West[b]	13 June 2003	5 May 2006	Labour
							Blair III
		Douglas Alexander[41][a] MP for Paisley and Renfrewshire South	5 May 2006	28 June 2007	Labour
		Des Browne[42][c] MP for Kilmarnock and Loudoun	28 June 2007	3 October 2008	Labour		Brown
		Jim Murphy[43] MP for East Renfrewshire	3 October 2008	11 May 2010	Labour
		Danny Alexander[44] MP for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey	12 May 2010	29 May 2010	Liberal Democrat		Cameron–Clegg (Con.–L.D.)
		Michael Moore[45] MP for Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk	29 May 2010	7 October 2013	Liberal Democrat
		Alistair Carmichael[46] MP for Orkney and Shetland	7 October 2013	8 May 2015	Liberal Democrat
		David Mundell[47] MP for Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale	11 May 2015	24 July 2019	Conservative		Cameron II
							May I
							May II
		Alister Jack[48] MP for Dumfries and Galloway	24 July 2019	5 July 2024	Conservative		Johnson I
							Johnson II
							Truss
							Sunak
		Ian Murray MP for Edinburgh South	5 July 2024	Incumbent	Labour		Starmer

• First Minister of Scotland
• Secretary of State, a senior post in the pre-Union government of the Kingdom of Scotland
• Under-Secretary of State for Scotland, junior minister supporting the Secretary of State for Scotland
• Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland
• Secretary of State (Jacobite)
• Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
• Secretary of State for Wales

• Official website of the Scotland Office