Pythodoris of Pontus (Ancient Greek: Πυθοδωρίς, 30 BC or 29 BC – 38), also spelled Pythodorida (Πυθοδωρίδα),[1] was a Roman client queen of Pontus, the Bosporan Kingdom, Cilicia, and Cappadocia.
| Pythodoris | |
|---|---|
| Queen regnant of Pontus | |
| Reign | 8 BC – 38 AD |
| Predecessor | Polemon I as King |
| Successor | Polemon II as King |
| Queen consort of Pontus, Bosporus and Cilicia | |
| Tenure | 13/12 BC – 8 BC |
| Queen consort of Cappadocia | |
| Tenure | 8 BC – 17 AD |
| Born | 30 BC or 29 BC Smyrna (modern-day İzmir, Turkey) |
| Died | AD 38 (aged 67 or 68) Pontus (modern-day Anatolia, Turkey) |
| Spouse | King Polemon I of Pontus King Archelaus of Cappadocia |
| Issue | Artaxias III of Armenia Polemon II of Pontus Antonia Tryphaena, Queen of Thrace |
| Father | Pythodoros of Tralles |
| Mother | Antonia |
Origins and early life
editAccording to an honorific inscription dedicated to her in Athens in the late 1st century BC, her royal title was Queen Pythodoris Philometor (Greek: ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΦΙΛΟΜΗΤΩΡ).[2] Philometor means "mother-loving" and this title is associated with the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt.
Pythodoris was born and raised in Smyrna (modern İzmir, Turkey). She was the daughter and only child of wealthy Anatolian Greeks and friend to the late triumvir Pompey, Pythodoros of Tralles and Antonia.[citation needed]
Her maternal grandparents were the Roman triumvir Mark Antony and Antonia Hybrida Minor.[citation needed]
Queen
editThe successive marriages of Pythodoris illustrate how elite women, like Rome's client states, were shuffled around in the game of power politics. 13 or 12 BC,[3] Pythodoris married King Polemon Pythodoros of Pontus as his second wife. By this marriage she became Queen of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom.
Pythodoris and Polemon had two sons and one daughter, who were:
- Zenon, also known as Zeno-Artaxias or Artaxias III, who became King of Armenia in 18 AD and reigned until his death in 35 AD
- Marcus Antonius Polemon Pythodoros, also known as Polemon II of Pontus
- Antonia Tryphaena who married King of Thrace, Cotys VIII
Polemon I died in 8 BC, and Pythodoris continued as Queen of Pontus until her death. Pythodoris was able to retain Colchis and Cilicia but not the Bosporan Kingdom which was granted to her first husband's stepson, Aspurgus. She then married King Archelaus of Cappadocia. Archelaus and Pythodoris had no children. Through her second marriage, she became Queen of Cappadocia. Pythodoris had moved with her children from Pontus to Cappadocia to live with Archelaus. When Archelaus died in 17, Cappadocia became a Roman province and she returned with her family back to Pontus.
In later years, Polemon II assisted his mother in the administration of the kingdom. Following her death, Polemon II succeeded to the throne. Pythodoris was remembered by a friend and contemporary, the Greek geographer Strabo, who is said to have described Pythodoris as a woman of virtuous character. Strabo considered her to have a great capacity for business and that under Pythodoris' rule Pontus had flourished.[4]
Ancestry
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Karolidēs, Paulos (1874). Kappodokika: ētoi, Pargmateia historikē kai archaeologikē peri Kappodokias (in Greek). typois E. Misaēlidou. p. 330.
- ^ An Athenian Honorific Inscription dedicated to Queen Pythodoris, which is displayed at the Epigraphical Museum (inventory no. EM 9573) in Athens, Greece
- ^ Ramsay, Sir William Mitchell (1893). The Church in the Roman Empire Before A.D. 170. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 427.
Pythodoris, born about 33, married King Polemon B.C. 13 or 12,
- ^ "Strabo, Geography, BOOK XII., CHAPTER III., section 29". perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
The Tibareni, however, and Chaldæi, extending as far as Colchis, Pharnacia, and Trapezus, are under the government of Pythodoris, a prudent woman, and capable of presiding over the management of public affairs. She is the daughter of Pythodorus of Tralles. She was the wife of Polemo, and reigned conjointly with him for some time. She succeeded, after his death, to the throne. (...) Of the sons of Pythodoris, one as a private person, administers, together with his mother, the affairs of the kingdom, the other has been lately made king of the Greater Armenia. Pythodoris however married Archelaus, and remained with him till his death. At present she is a widow, and in possession of the countries before mentioned, and of others still more beautiful, of which we shall next speak.
Further reading
edit- Macurdy, G., Two Studies on Women in Antiquity: Vassal Queens and Some Contemporary Women in the Roman Empire - Portraits of Royal Ladies on Greek Coins, Johns Hopkins Press, 1937; ASIN: B000WUFYY0