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Po Binasuor (died 1390), Ngo-ta Ngo-che, Cei Bunga, Chế Bồng Nga (chữ Hán: 制蓬峩, Bunga is the Malay word for 'flower', and "Chế" is the Vietnamese transliteration of Cei, a Cham word that means "uncle" - and was, in the days of Champa, frequently used to refer to generals) ruled Champa from 1360–1390 CE. He was also known as The Red King in Vietnamese stories. He is different from Po Binnasuar, the king of Panduranga from 1316-1361.
| Po Binasuor | |
|---|---|
| Raja-di-raja | |
| King of Champa | |
| Reign | c. 1360–90 |
| Predecessor | Maha Sawa |
| Successor | Jaya Simhavarman VI |
| Born | ? Vijaya, Champa |
| Died | 1390 Luộc River, Đại Việt |
| Issue | Chế Ma Nô Đà Nan Chế Sơn Na Unknown daughter |
| House | 13th dynasty |
Po Binasuor was the last strong king of the kingdom of Champa.[1]
Reign
editPo Binasuor apparently managed to unite the Cham lands under his rule and by 1361 was strong enough to attack Đại Việt from the sea. In 1372 he sent a letter to the Hongwu Emperor of Ming China saying that Đại Việt was about to attack his country and demanding that the Ming send protection and war materiel.[2] His Cham forces sacked the Vietnamese capital city of Thăng Long (modern Hanoi) four times, once in 1371, twice in 1377, and once in 1383. They set the city on fire and seized women, jewels, and silks. All Vietnamese books held in the royal palace were lost.[3] The second attack followed the death of king Trần Duệ Tông after his failed assault on Vijaya.[4] In 1378 he married Prince Trần Húc, a Vietnamese royal captive, to his daughter and put the prince in charge of the Cham army advance into Nghệ An.[5] The Đại Việt court was unable to reassert power in the south due a lack of central control over manpower and resources, allowing Po Binasuor to recruit Vietnamese men from these southern regions for his army.[6]
The Chams then forced Trần Phế Đế, the king of Đại Việt, to move the state's treasures and wealth to Thiên Kiến mountain and the Khả Lăng Caves in 1379.[7] Po Binasuor continued to occupy the two southern Vietnamese provinces of Nghệ An and Thanh Hóa, though he was stopped by Hồ Quý Ly in 1380 and 1382. In 1390, Po Binasuor was finally stopped during another invasion of the capital, when his royal barge suffered a musketry salvo (shot by Jiao Chong gun).[8]
Family and children
editPo Binasuor had only one Queen named Siti Zubaidah, belonging to the Kelantan clan. They had two sons and one daughter. The two princes defected to the Vietnamese after general Ko Cheng took the Cham crown.
Legacy
editPo Binasuor's invasion of Đại Việt revealed the weakness and inefficiency of the Trần dynasty. This eventually led to the demise of this dynasty.[9][10]
See also
editExternal links
editReferences
editReferences
edit- ^ Coedès 1968, pp. 237–238.
- ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 17.
- ^ Kiernan 2019, pp. 183–184.
- ^ Maspero 2002, pp. 92–94.
- ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 19.
- ^ Whitmore 1985, pp. 20–21.
- ^ Maspero 2002, p. 94.
- ^ Maspero 2002, pp. 107–109.
- ^ SarDesai 1988, p. 33-34.
- ^ Li 2018, p. 20-21.
Bibliography
edit- Aymonier, Etienne (1893). The History of Tchampa (the Cyamba of Marco Polo, Now Annam Or Cochin-China). Oriental University Institute. ISBN 978-1149974148.
- Coedès, George (1968), Vella, Walter F. (ed.), The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii Press., ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1
- Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981), History of South East Asia, Macmillan Education, Limited, ISBN 978-1-349-16521-6
- Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190053796.
- Li, Tana (2018). Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-501-73257-7.
- SarDesai, D. R. (1988). Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation. Long Beach Publications.
- Maspero, Georges (2002). The Champa Kingdom. White Lotus Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-9747534993.
- Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Go Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-27903-7.
- Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Go Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-27903-7.
- Whitmore, John K. (1985). Vietnam, Hồ Quý Ly, and the Ming (1371-1421). Yale Center for International and Area Studies.
- Whitmore, John Kramer (2011), "The Last Great King of Classical Southeast Asia: Che Bong Nga and Fourteenth Century Champa", in Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương (eds.), The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 168–203, ISBN 978-9-971-69459-3
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