Palmoxylon

Palmoxylon; Temporal range: Late Cretaceous-Early Miocene; ~84.9–11.6 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Palmoxylon sp. wood round
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Genus:	†Palmoxylon; Schenk, 1882
Species
	See text

Palmoxylon (petrified palmwood) is an extinct genus of palm named from petrified wood found around the world.

Fossil record

This genus is known in the fossil record from the Late Cretaceous to the Miocene (from about 84.9 to 11.6 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found in Germany, Italy (Sardinia), United States, Egypt, Libya and Argentina (Bororó and Salamanca Formations).^[1] Many species were described from the Deccan Traps in India.^{[citation needed]}

Distribution

A number of species from the Cretaceous and Cenozoic have been described from the Patagonia region of South America.^[2] There have been a number of species reported from Egypt which are dated to the Late Eocene and Early Miocene.^[3]

Specimens from the Oligocene epoch (34 - 23 mya) can be collected from many scattered sites in east Texas and western Louisiana. Fossils found near fossil palmwood include corals, sponges, and mollusks, indicating that the palms grew along prehistoric beaches. For millions of years, the Gulf Coast shoreline has been moving farther south.

In Texas and Louisiana, petrified palmwood is most common in the Toledo Bend area, which is shared by both states. It was left by trees that grew when the Gulf of Mexico's shoreline was much farther north from its present-day position. In Louisiana, petrified palmwood is found in the parishes of Rapides, Natchitoches, Grant, and Sabine.

Description

Petrified palmwood includes a group of fossil woods that contain prominent rod-like structures within the regular grain of the silicified wood. Depending upon the angle at which they are cut by fracture, these rod-like structures show up as spots, tapering rods, or continuous lines. The rod-like structures are sclerenchyma bundles that comprise part of the woody tissues that gave the wood its vertical strength.

Petrified palmwood is a favorite of rock collectors because it is replaced by silica and exhibits well-defined rod-like structures and variety of colors. As a result, it exhibits a wide range of colors and designs when cut that can be incorporated into jewelry and other ornamental items. Because it is composed of silica, it is hard enough to polish and withstand the wear and tear of normal use.

Archaeology

In Grant Parish, Louisiana (and probably in other areas also), Native Americans used petrified palmwood to make projectile points and other tools such as knives, awls, and scrapers. Projectile points and other tools crafted from petrified palmwood have been discovered in central Grant Parish by H.R. Hicks and other Native American artifact collectors.^{[citation needed]} It is the state stone of Texas and the official state fossil of Louisiana.^[4]

Species

Fossil trunks of *Palmoxylon* from Quaternary of Libyan Sahara

There are more than 200 species assigned to the genus Palmoxylon at this time.^[5]^[6]

Palmoxylon araneus Nour-El-Deen, El-Saadawi & Thomas, 2018 (Paleogene; Jebel Qatrani Formation, Egypt)
Palmoxylon arcotense
Palmoxylon bhisiensis Dutta et al., 2007 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
Palmoxylon blandfordiSchenk, 1882 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
Palmoxylon bororense
Palmoxylon chhindwarense Prakash, 1960 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
Palmoxylon colei (Eocene; Green River Formation, Eden Valley, Wyoming)
Palmoxylon compactum
Palmoxylon concordiense
Palmoxylon contortum (Eocene; Green River Formation, Eden Valley, Wyoming)
Palmoxylon dakshinense Prakash, 1960 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
Palmoxylon deccanensis Sahni, 1964 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
Palmoxylon dilacunosum Ambwani, 1984
Palmoxylon edenense (Eocene; Green River Formation, Eden Valley, Wyoming)
Palmoxylon elsaadawii Nour-El-Deen, El-Saadawi & Thomas, 2018 (Paleogene; Jebel Qatrani Formation, Egypt)
Palmoxylon eocenum Prakash, 1962 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
Palmoxylon geometricum
Palmoxylon hislopi Rode, 1933 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
Palmoxylon indicum
Palmoxylon kamalamRode, 1933 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
Palmoxylon lametaei (Maastrichtian; Lameta Formation, Deccan Traps, India)
Palmoxylon livistoniforme
Palmoxylon livistonoides Prakash & Ambwani, 1980 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
Palmoxylon macginitiei (Eocene; Green River Formation, Eden Valley, Wyoming)
Palmoxylon mathuri Sahni, 1931 (Cretaceous, Gujarat, India)
Palmoxylon parapaniensis Lakhanpal et al., 1979 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
Palmoxylon parthasarathyi Rao & Menon, 1964 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
Palmoxylon patagonicum Romero 1968 (Paleocene, Patagonia, Argentina)
Palmoxylon pichaihuensis Ottone, 2007 (Danian, Pichaihue Limestones, Neuquén Province; Argentina)
Palmoxylon pondicherriense
Palmoxylon pyriforme
Palmoxylon qatraniense Nour-El-Deen, El-Saadawi & Thomas, 2018 (Paleogene; Jebel Qatrani Formation, Egypt)
Palmoxylon queenslandicum
Palmoxylon rewahense
Palmoxylon riograndense
Palmoxylon rionegrense Ancibor, 1995 (Late Cretaceous, Allen Formation, Río Negro Province; Argentina)
Palmoxylon sagari
Palmoxylon santarosense Ancibor, 1995 (Late Cretaceous, Allen Formation, Río Negro Province; Argentina)
Palmoxylon superbum Trivedi & Verma, 1971 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
Palmoxylon valchetense Ancibor, 1995 (Late Cretaceous, Allen Formation, Río Negro Province; Argentina)
Palmoxylon vaterum
Palmoxylon wadai Sahni, 1931 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
Palmoxylon yuqueriense

References

^ Palmoxylon at Fossilworks.org
^ Ottone E. G. 2007 "A new palm trunk from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" Ameghiniana v.44 n.4
^ EL-Saadawi, W., Youssef, S. G. & Kamal-EL-Din, M. M. 2004 "Fossil palm woods of Egypt: II. Seven Tertiary Palmoxylon species new to the country" Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 129(4):199-211
^ State Fossils
^ Raizada, P.; Sharma, G.P.; Raghubanshi, A.S. (2008). "A dichotomously branched fossil palm stem from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of India" (PDF). Current Science. 94 (2): 182–183.
^ Dutta, D.; Ambwani, K.; Estrada-Ruiz, E. (2011). "Late Cretaceous palm stem Palmoxylon lametaei sp. nov. from Bhisi Village, Maharashtra, India" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 28 (1): 1–9.^{[permanent dead link]}

External links

Petrified Palm Wood (State Fossil) (Tertiary)

[FWPalmoxylon-1] Palmoxylon at Fossilworks.org

[Ottone-2] Ottone E. G. 2007 "A new palm trunk from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" Ameghiniana v.44 n.4

[Egypt-3] EL-Saadawi, W., Youssef, S. G. & Kamal-EL-Din, M. M. 2004 "Fossil palm woods of Egypt: II. Seven Tertiary Palmoxylon species new to the country" Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 129(4):199-211

[Louisiana-4] State Fossils

[Raizada2008-5] Raizada, P.; Sharma, G.P.; Raghubanshi, A.S. (2008). "A dichotomously branched fossil palm stem from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of India" (PDF). Current Science. 94 (2): 182–183.

[Dutta2011-6] Dutta, D.; Ambwani, K.; Estrada-Ruiz, E. (2011). "Late Cretaceous palm stem Palmoxylon lametaei sp. nov. from Bhisi Village, Maharashtra, India" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 28 (1): 1–9.^{[permanent dead link]}

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