Mukkuvar is a maritime ethnic group found in the Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and the Eastern and North Western coastal regions of Sri Lanka.[2][3] They are mostly found on the Malabar Coast, South Travancore Coast and Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, who have traditionally been involved in fishing and other maritime activities.[4][5][6][7]
| Mukkuvar | |
|---|---|
| Religions | Hinduism, Christianity, Islam |
| Languages | Malayalam, Tamil |
| Subdivisions | [1]
|
| Related groups | Sri Lankan Mukkuvar, Mogaveera |
Etymology
editThe caste name proposes several etymology theories. One view holds that the name Mukkuvar is derived from the Dravidian term muluku or mukku meaning "to dive", suggesting their traditional occupation in diving for pearls and seashell.[8] Other titles used by the community are Kukankulam, Murkukan and Mukkiyar.[9][10]
The Mukkuvars are divided into exogamous clans known as llam meaning "house". The Mukkuvars of Northern Malabar are known as Nalillakkar (meaning "of the four illams") consisted of the clans known as Ponillam (from pon meaning "gold"), Chembillam (from chembu meaning "copper"), Karillam and Kachillam. The Mukkuvars of Southern Malabar have only three clans, with the absence of Ponillam, and are therefore known as Munillakar (meaning "of the three illams").[1][11]
History
editEarly history
editThe Mukkuvars historically were inhabitants of the Neithal (coastal) lands of ancient Tamilakam, and find mention in various ancient Tamil literary works.[12] As suggested by their name they probably involved in diving for pearls and conch.[8][11][13][14] They were maritime inhabitants of the littoral Sangam landscape known as Neithal, who were involved in pearls-harvesting, boatbuilding, fishing, among other maritime activities.[15] Tamil Literature Akananuru describes the ship building capabilities of Neithal inhabitants in the ancient Tamilakam in chapter [26:1-2][16]
Mukkuvars had trade relation in Sri Lanka from 12th century and few settled there from then. According to the legend of the Mukkuvar from Kerala, they emigrated to and from Sri Lanka. The Mattakallappu Manmiyam text and other local palm-leaf manuscripts in Sri Lanka attribute the emigration of the Sri Lankan Mukkuvar from South India under the rule of Kalinga Magha in 12th century AD, who delegates the power to local petty kings whose successors are identified as belonging to Kukankulam.[17] The Mukkuvars in Kanyakumari district still have the Sri Lankan dialect of Tamil, which shows they emigrated to and from southern part of ancient Tamilakam and Sri Lanka[15]
Medieval history
editIn the 8th century made mercantile Arabs appearances in Kerala, where they among other married natives such as those from the Mukkuvar community, and formed social groups such as the Mappilas.[18] The Mukkuvars were in addition to fishing and seafaring, involved in warfare. Later rulers such as the Zamorin of Calicut promoted Mukkuvars in conversion to Islam in order to man their navies.[19] Up to 1000 AD were the Mukkuvars recruited to the naval fleets of the Chera dynasty.[20][21] South Indian communities were often invited to Sri Lanka as mercenaries. The Sinhala text known as Dambadeni Asna refers to Mukkuvar warriors serving in the army of Parakramabahu II of Dambadeniya. As mentioned in Mattakallappu Manmiyam, they also served in the 13th century in the army of the invader Kalinga Magha, who seized control of northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.[22] The Kerala-derived Mukkuvars, whose descendants are the Sri Lankan Mukkuvars, under Kalinga Magha were made chieftains known as Vanniar in the Batticaloa region, where they also formed matrilinear landlords known as Podiyar and exhibited significant political domination. Mukkuvars in alliance with Arabs encamped at the Puttalam region where in an campaign initiated by Parakramabahu VI of Kotte, battled and chased away by Karaiyar mercenaries, mentioned in Mukkara Hatana (meaning Mukkuvar war).[23] Mukkuvar women intermarried with their allied Arabs, whose descendants reside in the Sri Lankan Moor ethnicity.[24]
References
edit- ^ a b Singh, Virendra Prakash (1992). Community and Caste in Tradition. Commonwealth Publishers. p. 33. ISBN 978-81-7169-242-2.
- ^ Demographic change in Asian fishing communities – Drivers, outcomes and potential impacts. 3 November 2020. ISBN 9789251335291.
- ^ Ram, Kalpana (1992). Mukkuvar Women: Gender, Hegemony, and Capitalist Transformation in a South Indian Fishing Community. Kali for Women. p. 2. ISBN 978-81-85107-46-2.
- ^ The state and society in medieval India. J. S. Grewal, Philosophy, and Culture Project of History of Indian Science. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-19-566720-4. OCLC 60597476.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Arunachalam, S. (1952). The History of the Pearl Fishery of the Tamil Coast. Ananamalai University.
- ^ Sudarsen, V. (1995). Knowledge of the Sea: Some Maritime Communities in India. PPST Foundation.
- ^ "PANDYA -CHOLA CONQUEST ON VIZHINJAM PORT | EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)". eprajournals.com. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
- ^ a b McGilvray, Dennis B. (1974). Tamils and Moors: caste and matriclan structure in eastern Sri Lanka. University of Chicago. pp. 23–25.
- ^ McGilvray, Dennis B. (2008). Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka. Duke University Press. pp. 60, 61, 64, 77. ISBN 978-0822389187.
- ^ Holmes, Walter Robert (1980). Jaffna, Sri Lanka 1980. Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society of Jaffna College. p. 219.
- ^ a b Saraswati, Baidyanath (1998). Life-style and Ecology. Indira Gandhi Centre for the Arts [and] D.K. Printworld. p. 178. ISBN 978-81-246-0103-7.
- ^ திருமலைமுத்துசாமி, பேரா அ. "தமிழ்நாடும் மொழியும்/ சங்க காலம் - விக்கிமூலம்". ta.wikisource.org (in Tamil). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ McGilvray, Dennis B. (1982). Caste Ideology and Interaction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59, 60, 68. ISBN 9780521241458.
- ^ Shaji, Lija (2021-11-03). "PANDYA -CHOLA CONQUEST ON VIZHINJAM PORT". EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR). 7 (11): 1. ISSN 2455-3662.
- ^ a b "Sri Lankan Mukkuvar", Wikipedia, 2022-05-10, retrieved 2022-08-28
- ^ "The Maritime Activities of the Ancient Tamils and - History Forum ~ All Empires". www.allempires.com. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ Caste ideology and interaction. Dennis B. McGilvray. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-521-24145-6. OCLC 7997986.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Schneider, David Murray; Gough, Kathleen (1974). Matrilineal Kinship. University of California Press. p. 415. ISBN 978-0-520-02529-5.
- ^ Prange, Sebastian R. (2011-12-01). "A Trade of No Dishonor: Piracy, Commerce, and Community in the Western Indian Ocean, Twelfth to Sixteenth CenturySebastian R. PrangeA Trade of No Dishonor". The American Historical Review. 116 (5): 1269–1293. doi:10.1086/ahr.116.5.1269. ISSN 0002-8762.
- ^ Sankaranarayanan, K. C.; Studies, University of Madras Centre for South and South-East Asian (1994). The Keralites and the Sinhalese. Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies. p. 39.
- ^ Devi, R. Leela (1986). History of Kerala. Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot. p. 101.
- ^ Whitaker, Mark P. (1999-01-01). Amiable Incoherence: Manipulating Histories and Modernities in a Batticaloa Tamil Hindu Temple. V.U. University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-90-5383-644-6.
- ^ S. Pathmanathan (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna. Arul M. Rajendran.
- ^ Mayer, Markus; Rajasingham-Senanayake, Darini; Thangarajah, Yuvi (2003). Building Local Capacities for Peace: Rethinking Conflict and Development in Sri Lanka. Macmillan India. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-333-93921-5.