General elections were held in Malaysia on Saturday, 19 November 2022.[3][4] The prospect of snap elections had been considered high due to the political crisis that had been ongoing since 2020; political instability caused by coalition or party switching among members of Parliament, combined with the fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, contributed to the resignation of two prime ministers and the collapse of each of their respective coalition governments since the 2018 general elections.
 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 222 seats in the Dewan Rakyat[a] 112 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Registered | 21,173,638 ( 41.72%) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 74.04% ( 8.28pp) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The term of the 14th Parliament was due to expire on 16 July 2023, five years after its first meeting on 16 July 2018.[5] However, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia), Abdullah of Pahang, dissolved parliament at the request of Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob on 10 October 2022. Constitutionally, the elections were required to be held within 60 days of the dissolution, making 9 December the last possible polling day.[6]
Historically, general elections for all state legislative assemblies of Malaysia except Sarawak had been held concurrently as a cost-saving measure. However, the states could dissolve their own legislatures independently from Parliament, and several states (Sabah, Malacca and Johor) had held early elections due to the political instability, disrupting their usual electoral cycle. The governments of these states and Sarawak indicated that they would not be holding state elections concurrently. The governments of several other states, primarily those under a Pakatan Harapan or Perikatan Nasional government, stated that they would prefer to complete a full term.[7][8] By 19 October, all Pakatan-led states, Penang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, as well as Perikatan-led states, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu, already confirmed not to be dissolving their state legislatures.[9][10]
The elections were the first in which 18–20-year-olds were eligible to vote, following a constitutional amendment reducing the voting age from 21 to 18. Additionally, all voters were automatically registered, so the electorate expanded by around six million people or 31%.[11]
Results for 220 out of all 222 contested seats in the Dewan Rakyat were announced by the morning of 20 November 2022, although polling in the constituency of Padang Serai was postponed until 7 December due to the death of the Pakatan Harapan candidate, Karuppaiya Muthusamy, three days before the elections.[12] Voting in Baram was suspended on polling day due to flooding and inclement weather preventing polling workers from reaching the polling stations, and was instead completed on 21 November.[13]
The elections resulted in a hung parliament, the first federal election to have had such a result in the nation's history. Pakatan Harapan remained the coalition with the most seats in the Dewan Rakyat albeit with a reduced share, with its largest losses in Kedah. Perikatan Nasional swept the northwestern and east coastal states of Peninsular Malaysia in a landslide, winning every seat in the states of Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu, and all but one in Kedah; dubbed by many people as the "Green Wave" (Malay: "Gelombang Hijau").[14][15][16][17][18][19] The historically dominant Barisan Nasional fell to third place, having lost most of its seats to Perikatan Nasional. A number of well-known incumbent MPs also lost their seats, including former prime minister Mahathir Mohamad in Langkawi (who also lost his deposit), former Finance Minister Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah by a razor thin margin in Gua Musang (results unconfirmed due to petition ongoing) , Trade Minister and former Selangor's Menteri Besar (the state's head of government) Azmin Ali in Gombak, former Housing Minister Zuraida Kamaruddin in Ampang, former Domestic Trade Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail in Kulim-Bandar Baharu, as well as the children of Anwar Ibrahim and Mahathir Mohamad respectively, Nurul Izzah Anwar and Mukhriz Mahathir. Both former Ministers of Federal Territories, from BN and PH, Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor and Khalid Abdul Samad were defeated, in Putrajaya and Titiwangsa respectively. Incumbent Finance Minister and Senator Tengku Zafrul Aziz failed to win a seat in the Dewan Rakyat for Kuala Selangor by a slim majority, as well as the son-in-law of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi who is also the Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin also failed to defeat the Pakatan Harapan candidate by a slim majority too in Sungai Buloh.
After obtaining support from Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, the Heritage Party, Malaysian United Democratic Alliance, Parti Bangsa Malaysia and independent MPs,[20] Pakatan Harapan chairman Anwar Ibrahim was appointed and sworn in as prime minister on 24 November 2022 by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.[21][22] Gabungan Rakyat Sabah also expressed support for Anwar,[23] while Perikatan Nasional opted to become the official opposition.[24]
Background
editPrevious election
editThe 2018 federal election resulted in a change in government for the first time in Malaysian history since direct elections were first held in 1955. Pakatan Harapan, then a centre-left coalition between four parties, won 113 seats in the Dewan Rakyat (a two-seat majority) against the right-wing Barisan Nasional coalition, which won 79 seats. Pakatan Harapan entered government at the federal level with support from the Sabah Heritage Party. The concurrent state elections also saw Pakatan Harapan winning a majority for the first time in Johor, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan. Hung parliaments were recorded in Kedah, Perak and Sabah, but changes in party membership of the legislators after the election allowed Pakatan Harapan (or the Sabah Heritage Party in Sabah) to enter government in these states as well.
Significant events
editIn July 2019, the Constitution (Amendment) Act 2019, which contained provisions to lower the voting age to 18 and allow for the automatic registration of voters, was enacted by Parliament.[25] The Election Commission announced in June 2020 that preparations for these changes would be ready by July 2021.[26] The 2022 election marked the first in which the 18–20 age group is entitled to vote.[27]
Since losing re-election in 2018, former prime minister Najib Razak was put on trial, convicted and imprisoned in relation to the 1MDB scandal.[28] The scandal severely impacted UMNO in the previous election and has a continuing legacy in Malaysian politics. Trials and investigations remain ongoing.[29][30]
The COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia emerged as a major health crisis from early 2020. It had significant impacts on Malaysia's economy and society.[31][32]
2020–22 political crisis
editA political crisis began in Malaysia in early 2020, leading to the resignation of two prime ministers and significant shifts in parliament over the subsequent two years.[32] In late February 2020, a majority of the 32 members of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party withdrew from the governing Pakatan Harapan-led coalition, causing it to lose its majority in the Dewan Rakyat, and partnered with Barisan Nasional. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad then resigned, creating a power vacuum in the executive branch.[33] This movement later became known as Sheraton Move. On 1 March, Muhyiddin Yassin was appointed prime minister, and a Malaysian United Indigenous Party-led minority government was formed under new coalition Perikatan Nasional, with confidence and supply from Barisan Nasional.[33] Political instability continued after this, exacerbated by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The crisis escalated in mid-2021, leading to Muhyiddin losing parliamentary support over the COVID-19 response and resigning.[32] On 20 August 2021, Ismail Sabri Yaakob was appointed prime minister as his replacement.[34]
This political instability led to calls for a snap general election from various lawmakers, and there was speculation that one would be held since 2020.[35][36][37] In June 2022, Ismail Sabri said he would not delay the dissolution of parliament, amid continued pressure from his party UMNO to hold a general election as soon as possible. He said he would consult with his allies in the Barisan Nasional alliance on the date, as well as leaders of his party UMNO.[37] Ismail Sabri announced the dissolution on 10 October 2022.[6]
Electoral system
editElections in Malaysia are conducted at the federal and state levels. Federal elections elect members of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of Parliament, while state elections in each of the 13 states elect members of their respective state legislative assembly. As Malaysia follows the Westminster system of government, the head of government (Prime Minister at the federal level and the Chief Ministers, the so-called Menteri Besar, at the state level) is the person who commands the confidence of the majority of members in the respective legislature – this is normally the leader of the party or coalition with the majority of seats in the legislature.
The Dewan Rakyat consists of 222 members, known as Members of Parliament (MPs), that are elected for five-year terms. Each MP is elected from a single-member constituency using the first-past-the-post voting system. If one party obtains a majority of seats, then that party is entitled to form the government, with its leader becoming the prime minister. In the event of a hung parliament, where no single party obtains the majority of seats, the government may still form through a coalition or a confidence and supply agreement with other parties. In practice, coalitions and alliances in Malaysia generally persist between elections, and member parties do not normally contest for the same seats.
In July 2019, the Constitution (Amendment) Act 2019 was enacted that provided for the voting age to be lowered to 18 and for automatic registration of voters.[25] Previously, the voting age was 21[38][39] although the age of majority in the country was 18.[40] Automatic voter registration and the lowered voting age simultaneously came into effect in early 2022, with this election being the first federal election with the expanded electoral franchise.[26] Malaysia does not currently practice compulsory voting. The Election Commission is under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Department.
In late 2022, several news outlets and publishing companies began launching apps and websites to announce the upcoming GE15 results and news.[41]
Timeline
editDissolution of parliament
editThe 14th Parliament of Malaysia was dissolved on 10 October 2022, during a special televised address by Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob, following an audience with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Abdullah, a day prior, whereby he provided consent for the dissolution. The election had to be held within 60 days or by 9 December.[42]
The Constitution of Malaysia requires that a general election be held in the fifth calendar year after the first sitting unless it is dissolved earlier by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong following a motion of no confidence, loss of supply or a request by the prime minister.
Dissolution of state legislatures
editWhile any state may dissolve its legislature independently of Parliament, most of them had historically dissolve at around the same time as Parliament such that federal and state elections are held simultaneously. In accordance with Malaysian law, Parliament as well as the legislative assemblies of each state would automatically expire on the fifth anniversary of the first sitting of a term, unless dissolved prior to that date by the relevant heads of state on the advice of their respective heads of government. Elections must be held within sixty days of expiry or dissolution.
| Dates of the legislature of each state would expire and their actual dissolution dates | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legislature (and term number) |
Term began | Refs | Term ends (on or before) |
Latest possible election date |
Actual dissolution date |
Refs |
| 20 July 2018 | [43] | 20 July 2023 | 18 September 2023 | 14 October 2022 | [44] | |
| 2 July 2018 | [45] | 2 July 2023 | 31 August 2023 | 14 October 2022 | [46] | |
| 3 July 2018 | [47] | 3 July 2023 | 1 September 2023 | 17 October 2022 | [48] | |
| 26 June 2018 | [49] | 26 June 2023 | 25 August 2023 | Not dissolving[j] | [9] | |
| 28 June 2018 | [51] | 28 June 2023 | 27 August 2023 | [10] | ||
| 1 July 2018 | [52] | 1 July 2023 | 30 August 2023 | |||
| 2 July 2018 | [53] | 2 July 2023 | 31 August 2023 | [9] | ||
| 4 July 2018 | [54] | 4 July 2023 | 2 September 2023 | [10] | ||
| 2 August 2018 | [55] | 2 August 2023 | 1 October 2023 | [9] | ||
| 9 October 2020 | [56] | 9 October 2025 | 8 December 2025 | [57] | ||
| 27 December 2021 | [58] | 27 December 2026 | 25 February 2027 | |||
| 14 February 2022 | [59] | 14 February 2027 | 15 April 2027 | |||
| 21 April 2022 | [60] | 21 April 2027 | 20 June 2027 | |||
Pre-nomination events
editOn 17 October 2022, the Election Commission of Malaysia (SPR) updated the roster of 63 parties and coalitions eligible to contest in its own right. Independents are allowed to contest using symbols predefined by the SPR.[61]
Timetable
edit| Dates | Events |
|---|---|
| 10 October | Dissolution of parliament |
| 20 October | Election Commission announcement of Election Day and its timeline |
| 20 October | Issue of the Writ of Election |
| 5 November | Nomination day |
| 5–18 November | Campaigning period |
| 15–18 November | Early polling day for postal and advance voters |
| 19 November | Polling day (except P017 Padang Serai) |
| 24 November | Inauguration of the new prime minister Anwar Ibrahim at Istana Negara[22] |
| P017 Padang Serai[62] | |
| 18 November | Issue of the Writ of Election for P017 Padang Serai |
| 24 November | Nomination day |
| 24 November – 6 December | Campaigning period |
| 3 – 6 December | Early polling day for postal, overseas and advance voters |
| 7 December | Polling day |
| P220 Baram | |
| 21 November | Polling day for remaining 11 polling stations |
Last election pendulum
edit(Results and status at 9 May 2018) The 14th general election witnessed 124 governmental seats and 98 non-governmental seats filled the Dewan Rakyat. The government side has 49 safe seats and 11 fairly safe seats, while the other side has 21 safe seats and 4 fairly safe seats.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political parties and candidates
editThe election saw numerous changes in seats from all political sides, with candidates either announced to be departing from their original constituencies to contest in another constituency, or several high-profile members of parliament being dropped from selection. Those who were dropped or not selected however went on to contest as independent candidates or in opposing parties to defend their seats or seek re-election, resulting in their memberships dropped.
UMNO deputy president Mohamad Hasan announced his intention to contest the Rembau seat, replacing incumbent Khairy Jamaluddin, who was expected to be fielded in an opposition-majority seat,[63] which eventually turned out to be Sungai Buloh, one of the seats that has been a PKR stronghold.[64] In addition, several high-profile incumbent UMNO MPs, including Shahidan Kassim, Annuar Musa and Tajuddin Abdul Rahman, were dropped from contesting following rumors after they were believed to be supporting Ismail Sabri instead of Zahid Hamidi.[65][66] Among those dropped, Zahidi Zainul Abidin, the incumbent Padang Besar MP, contested as an independent while Shahidan contested to defend his Arau seat under the Perikatan banner, resulting in both their and several others' memberships dropped.[67] In a similar move, incumbent PAS Tumpat MP Che Abdullah Mat Nawi contested to defend his seat under the BN ticket after he was dropped from the candidates' list, resulting in him expelled from PAS.[68]
A few of the more notable changes in PKR were Anwar's decision to contest in the Tambun parliamentary seat,[69] with Wan Azizah Wan Ismail contesting the Bandar Tun Razak seat, as part of PKR's plan to field high-ranking members in seats previously held by defected party members.[70] One of the most anticipated seats, Gombak, saw Selangor's Menteri Besar Amirudin Shari nominated as PH candidate to face incumbent Azmin Ali,[71] who was one of the key ringleaders of the ongoing political crisis.[72] PKR also announced several other high-profile direct candidates to contest under the PH banner.[73] Former Batu MP Tian Chua, who was not selected to contest in favor of incumbent Prabakaran Parameswaran, sought to seek re-election by contesting as an independent candidate for his seat, leading to his expulsion from the party.[74]
Meanwhile, DAP had dropped two of its incumbent MPs, Charles Santiago and Wong Tack from their respective parliamentary seats,[75] in place of younger candidates,[76][77] leading both to question the party's reasoning behind their droppings,[78] with Wong later announcing his intention to defend his seat as an independent candidate,[79] thus also resulting in his expulsion from the party.[80]
On 16 November, Padang Serai's incumbent MP Karupaiya Mutusami died three days before the election.[81] This marked the third time in Malaysian election history that a nominated candidate died in between nomination and polling dates.[82] The Election Commission announced that polling for Padang Serai would take place on 7 December following a meeting on Friday (18 November),[83] a day before the elections,[84] after polling for the constituency was postponed.[85] Subsequently, PN candidate for the Tioman state seat in Pahang, Yunus Ramli died hours before polling was due to begin on 19 November.[86] The election for the state seat was also postponed to the same date with Padang Serai.[87]
Parties represented in current legislatures
editThe election would be the first time Pakatan Harapan, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and Perikatan Nasional use their own respective logos.
DAP announced their intention to use the PH logo for West Malaysia seats on 14 November 2021,[88] while they would continue to use their own logo in Sarawak as they did in the previous election and also in the recent state election.[89][90] However, DAP stated that they would be joining other PH parties in using the PH logo in Sabah, in contrast to using their own logo in the previous election, the 2019 Sandakan by-election and using then-ally Warisan's logo in the 2020 Sabah state election.[91] In September 2022, Pakatan formally decided to consider applications by MUDA and the Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM) to contest under its name.[92] Pakatan chairman Anwar Ibrahim later stated that the coalition would form an electoral pact with the two parties, citing that the application process would need to go through the Registrar of Societies.[93] However, on 30 October, PSM announced that they ended their pact with PH, after they were denied being allocated seats for the election, in particular Sungai Siput where chairman Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj served two terms but was similarly allocated to PKR in 2018.[94] Therefore, PSM decided to contest alone on 2 November 2022
PN component parties in Pahang (Bersatu, PAS, Gerakan) decided to contest on all parliamentary and state assembly seats there on 28 November 2021.[95] The Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), despite being in the PN coalition, announced that they would be contesting using their own logo in Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah along with other PN candidates in these three predominant Malay/Muslim states.[96] The move was met with objection from GERAKAN, as their policy was to not contest under other party's logo.[97] Some of PN component parties are also part of Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, who intended to use GRS logo in Sabah.[98] Parti Kesejahteraan Demokratik Masyarakat (KDM), a GRS-friendly party initiated by former Warisan Party members, sought to contest at least three seats in Sabah independently.[99]
In August 2022, Pejuang formed a Malay/Muslim-based coalition called as Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA) with 4 other parties (Berjasa, Putra, Gagasan Bangsa and IMAN) and planned to contest 120 parliamentary seats.[100] Mahathir, who initially hesitated to contest until he changed his mind to defend his Langkawi seat, announced that GTA would be contesting under the Pejuang logo, while GTA contestants in Kelantan contested using the logo of Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA), as the coalition's registration was still pending.[101]
Barisan Nasional contested all parliamentary seats outside Sarawak,[102] while respecting Sabah state liaison office's intention to cooperate with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah.[103][104] On 11 December 2021, PBRS announced that they would contest 3 seats in Sabah under Barisan Nasional.[105] In April 2022, UMNO's Supreme Council proposed that Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob be its Prime Ministerial candidate for GE15.[106] Zahid Hamidi, chairman of Barisan Nasional, has officially considered to accept Makkal Sakti's request to contest the election under Barisan Nasional logo on 19 September 2021.[107] The offer was extended to other Friends of BN parties by June 2022.[108] Gabungan Parti Sarawak, whose component parties were part of BN in 2018 election, formulated its election program and competed independently. GPS postponed any coalition and government formation talks until after election and claimed to maintain the status quo of seat allocation.[109]
In this election, the Heritage Party (WARISAN), previously an ally of Pakatan Harapan in the 2018 general election, for the first time contested outside Sabah. As part of the move, it intended on 24 January 2021 to contest all parliamentary and assembly seats in Penang and considered to run in other states.[110]
Extra-parliamentary parties
editOn 15 December 2021, a group of independent activists calling themselves Gerak Independent announced their intention to run in the election in no more than 10 seats.[111] Parti Bumi Kenyalang (PBK) initially intended to contest all 31 parliamentary seats in Sarawak on 26 January 2022, claiming that it already made ties with unspecified Sabah based party and still opened possibility of cooperating with other Sarawak-only parties.[112] By June 2022 PBK made negotiations with Sarawakian local opposition parties such as PSB, Aspirasi, PBDS (Baru) and SEDAR to avoid clashes in the election without formally forming a coalition.[113] The negotiation produced a cooperation pact between PSB, PBK and PBDS, with PBK contesting mostly under PSB's logo.[114][115] In June 2022 SEDAR announced their intention to contest in Malay/Muslim (and Melanau)-majority of Sarawak seats.[116]
Parti Rakyat Malaysia announced their intention to contest parliamentary seats in Penang respectively on 15 October 2022.[117] PRM later stated that it would contest 28 parliament and 1 state seats nationally, in cooperation with GERAK 98 NGO.[118][119]
Parti Cinta Sabah, Penang Front Party and Sarawak People's Aspiration Party initially declared to their intention to participate but ended up not fielding any candidates.[120][121][122]
Nominated candidates
editThe election saw a record 945 candidates contesting in all 222 parliamentary seats nationwide, among them a record 108 independent candidates.[123]
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Campaign
editTiming of election
editOpposition politicians, political analysts and online commentaries criticised the decision to hold the election at the end of 2022 instead of early 2023, which coincides the annual year-end monsoon season.[125][126][127] As Malaysia was already recovering from serious flooding from the previous year, opposition politicians accused the ruling government for being inconsiderate towards flood victims. This condition was also seen by opposition parties as a deliberate tactic to discourage a high voter turnout that could potentially benefit opposition parties.[128][129][130] In response, UMNO president Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, who remarked that the election was to proceed despite concerns of nationwide floods,[126] accused opposition parties as "cowards" and "wanting them to buy time" to garner extra support, further adding that his remarks were taken out of context.[131][132] Despite these remarks, authorities began preparations in the event flooding occurs during polling day.[133][134]
The decision to dissolve parliament early was also seen by several other opposition politicians as an attempt to prevent more BN politicians from being charged with corruption, or in an effort towards pardoning jailed politicians such as former prime minister Najib Razak who was found guilty for his role in the 1MDB scandal.[135] This was evidenced by a video online showing Zahid Hamidi speaking at a Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) general meeting in which he warned other BN politicians that they would be the next ones to be charged should BN lose the election.[136][137] Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said he dissolved Parliament because it was impossible to go on some issues, and that UMNO was pushing for it ever since BN won big in the 2022 Johor state election in March.[138]
Youth vote
editThe 2022 election was the first Malaysian federal election in which the voting age is over 18 as opposed to over 21 previously. Around 6 million new voters, either young or previously unregistered, were expected to participate in the election.[139] The 18–20 age group represented 1.39 million first-time voters, and voters aged 18–39 account for about 50% of Malaysia's 21 million registered voters.[27]
Outgoing members of parliament
editThe seats of Gerik and Batu Sapi were left vacant due to the deaths of their respective MPs, Hasbullah Osman (BN-UMNO) and Liew Vui Keong (WARISAN) in 2020.[140][141] By-elections were due to be held, but did not materialise due to the declaration of the state of emergency during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021.[142] The declarations were later revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong following the dissolution of parliament.[143]
| No. | Constituency | Departing MP | First elected | Party | Date announced | Reason | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P054 | Gerik | Hasbullah Osman | 2013 | BN (UMNO) | 16 November 2020 | Died in office | [140] | |
| P139 | Jasin | Ahmad Hamzah | 2008 | 20 December 2020 | Not seeking re-election | [144] | ||
| P061 | Padang Rengas | Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz | 1995 | 28 August 2021 | [145] | |||
| P085 | Pekan | Najib Razak | 1976 | 23 August 2022 | Criminal conviction | [146] | ||
| P033 | Besut | Idris Jusoh | 1995 | 24 October 2022 | Not seeking re-election | [147] | ||
| P081 | Jerantut | Ahmad Nazlan Idris | 2013 | 31 October 2022 | [148] | |||
| P026 | Ketereh | Annuar Musa | 1990 | 1 November 2022 | Dropped by party | [66] | ||
| P067 | Kuala Kangsar | Mastura Mohd Yazid | 2016 | |||||
| P073 | Pasir Salak | Tajuddin Abdul Rahman | 2008 | Membership suspended[149] | ||||
| P155 | Tenggara | Adham Baba | 2004 | Dropped by party | ||||
| P156 | Kota Tinggi | Halimah Mohamed Sadique | 2008 | |||||
| P127 | Jempol | Mohd Salim Shariff | 2018 | 3 November 2022 | [150] | |||
| P095 | Tanjong Karang | Noh Omar | 1995 | [151] | ||||
| P162 | Iskandar Puteri | Lim Kit Siang | 1969 | PH (DAP) | 20 March 2022 | Retiring from politics | [152] | |
| P102 | Bangi | Ong Kian Ming | 2013 | 9 May 2022 | Not seeking re-election | [153] | ||
| P046 | Batu Kawan | Kasthuriraani Patto | 2013 | 20 October 2022 | [154] | |||
| P208 | Sarikei | Wong Ling Biu | 2013 | 23 October 2022 | Dropped by party | [155] | ||
| P110 | Klang | Charles Santiago | 2008 | 26 October 2022 | [156] | |||
| P106 | Damansara | Tony Pua Kiam Wee | 2008 | 26 October 2022 | Not seeking re-election | [156] | ||
| P060 | Taiping | Teh Kok Lim | 2018 | 28 October 2022 | Transferred to Aulong state seat | [157] | ||
| P070 | Kampar | Thomas Su Keong Siong | 2013 | 28 October 2022 | Transferred to Ketari state seat | [158] | ||
| P048 | Bukit Bendera | Wong Hon Wai | 2018 | 30 October 2022 | Transferred to Paya Terubong state seat | [159] | ||
| P116 | Wangsa Maju | Tan Yee Kew | 1995 | PH (PKR) | 18 October 2022 | Not seeking re-election | [160] | |
| P009 | Alor Setar | Chan Ming Kai | 2018 | 22 October 2022 | Dropped by party | [161] | ||
| P015 | Sungai Petani | Johari Abdul | 2008 | 28 October 2022 | [162] | |||
| P071 | Gopeng | Lee Boon Chye | 2008 | 28 October 2022 | Not seeking re-election | [163] | ||
| P094 | Hulu Selangor | June Leow Hsiad Hui | 2018 | 28 October 2022 | Dropped by party | [164] | ||
| P105 | Petaling Jaya | Maria Chin Abdullah | 2018 | 28 October 2022 | ||||
| P107 | Sungai Buloh | Sivarasa Rasiah | 2018 | 28 October 2022 | Dropped by party | [165] | ||
| P141 | Sekijang | Natrah Ismail | 2018 | 28 October 2022 | Dropped by party | [164] | ||
| P219 | Miri | Michael Teo Yu Keng | 2013 | 1 November 2022 | [166] | |||
| P017 | Padang Serai | Karupaiya Mutusami | 2018 | 16 November 2022 | Died during campaigning period | [81] | ||
| P133 | Tampin | Hasan Bahrom | 2018 | PH (AMANAH) | 18 October 2022 | Not seeking re-election | [167] | |
| P088 | Temerloh | Mohd Anuar Mohd Tahir | 2018 | 25 October 2022 | Health issues | [168] | ||
| P101 | Hulu Langat | Hasanuddin Mohd Yunus | 2018 | 30 October 2022 | Dropped by party | [169] | ||
| P113 | Sepang | Mohamed Hanipa Maidin | 2013 | 30 October 2022 | Health issues | |||
| P042 | Tasek Gelugor | Shabudin Yahaya | 2013 | PN (BERSATU) | 18 June 2022 | Not seeking re-election | [170][171] | |
| P167 | Kudat | Abdul Rahim Bakri | 2004 | 12 August 2022 | ||||
| P177 | Beaufort | Azizah Mohd Dun | 2004 | 12 August 2022 | ||||
| P154 | Mersing | Abdul Latiff Ahmad | 1999 | 16 October 2022 | ||||
| P058 | Bagan Serai | Noor Azmi Ghazali | 2013 | 1 November 2022 | Dropped by party | [172] | ||
| P030 | Jeli | Mustapa Mohamed | 1995 | 2 November 2022 | Health issues | [173] | ||
| P178 | Sipitang | Yamani Hafez Musa | 2018 | 2 November 2022 | Dropped by party | [174] | ||
| P184 | Libaran | Zakaria Edris | 2018 | 2 November 2022 | ||||
| P025 | Bachok | Nik Mohamed Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz | 2013 | PN (PAS) | 2 November 2022 | Not seeking re-election | [175] | |
| P112 | Kuala Langat | Xavier Jayakumar | 2018 | PBM | 20 October 2022 | [176] | ||
| P188 | Lahad Datu | Mohamaddin Ketapi | 2018 | 4 November 2022 | [177] | |||
| P158 | Tebrau | Steven Choong Shiau Yoon | 2018 | 4 November 2022 | [178] | |||
| P140 | Segamat | Edmund Santhara Kumar | 2018 | 5 November 2022 | [178] | |||
| P193 | Santubong | Wan Junaidi | 1990 | GPS (PBB) | 30 October 2022 | [179] | ||
| P201 | Batang Lupar | Rohani Abdul Karim | 1990 | 3 November 2022 | Dropped by party | [180] | ||
| P204 | Betong | Robert Lawson Chuat | 2018 | 3 November 2022 | ||||
| P185 | Batu Sapi | Liew Vui Keong | 2008 | WARISAN | 2 October 2020 | Died in office | [141] | |
| P149 | Sri Gading | Shahruddin Md Salleh | 2018 | GTA (PEJUANG) | 2 November 2022 | Dropped by party | [181] | |
Opinion polls
editGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
2022edit | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polling firm | Dates conducted | Region | Sample size | PH | BN | PN | GPS | W | MUDA | GTA | Ind | Und | Lead | Ref |
| Merdeka Centre | 16 – 18 November 2022 | Peninsula | 5,497 | 34% | 15% | 20% | – | – | – | – | – | 22% | PH +14% | [182] |
| YouGov | 8 – 14 November 2022 | Malaysia | 2,687 | 35% | 18% | 21% | 3% | 1% | – | 1% | 3% | 20% | PH +14% | [183] |
| Merdeka Centre | 5 – 8 November 2022 | Peninsula | 1,067 | 35% | 21% | 22% | – | – | – | – | – | 22% | PH +13% | [184] |
| Merdeka Centre | 19 – 28 October 2022 | Malaysia | 1,209 | 26% | 24% | 13% | – | – | – | – | 2% | 35% | PH +2% | [185] |
| IDE-Toyo University | 21 – 28 October 2022 | 2,423 | 31% | 28% | 13% | – | – | – | – | – | 29% | PH +3% | [186] | |
| Endeavour-MGC | 7 – 15 November 2022 | Peninsula | 1,068 | 34% | 34% | 30% | – | – | – | – | – | 8% | Tie | [187] |
| O2 Malaysia | 5 – 10 October 2022 | Malaysia | 1,105 | 39% | 26% | 17% | 4% | 3% | 4% | 1% | 7% | – | PH +13% | [188] |
| ISEAS/YouGov | 5 – 30 September 2022 | 805[p] | 11% | 19% | 11% | – | – | 9% | 1% | – | 43% | BN +8% | [189] | |
| Merdeka Centre | as of 30 September 2022 | – | 27% | 27% | 9% | – | – | – | – | – | 33% | Tie | [190] | |
| Ilham Centre | 1 Aug – 30 September 2022 | 1,622 | 18% | 35% | 12% | – | – | – | – | 15% | 21% | BN +17% | [191] | |
| Vodus | 21 Jul – 21 August 2022 | Peninsula | 74,582 | 20% | 23% | 16% | – | – | – | – | 5% | 37% | BN +3% | [192] |
| Sabah | 14% | 17% | 13% | – | 14% | – | – | 5% | 37% | BN +3% | [193] | |||
| Sarawak | 17% | 13% | 14% | 33% | – | – | – | 4% | 20% | GPS +16% | ||||
| Merdeka Centre | as of 30 July 2022 | Malaysia | – | 23% | 28% | 13% | – | – | – | – | – | 37% | BN +5% | [190] |
| Merdeka Centre | as of 31 May 2022 | – | 26% | 29% | 14% | – | – | – | – | – | 31% | BN +3% | [190] | |
| Johor state election | 12 March 2022 | Johor | 1,391,162 | 26% | 43% | 24% | – | <1% | 3% | 1% | <1% | – | BN +17% | |
2018–2021edit | ||||||||||||||
| Polling firm | Dates conducted | Region | Sample size | PH | BN | PN | GPS | W | MUDA | GTA | Ind | Und | Lead | Ref |
| Sarawak state election | 18 December 2021 | Sarawak | 746,349 | 11% | – | – | 61% | – | – | – | 28% | – | GPS +42% | [194] |
| Malacca state election | 20 November 2021 | Malacca | 319,689 | 36% | 38% | 24% | – | – | – | – | 2% | – | BN +2% | [195] |
| Emir Research | August 2020 | Malaysia | 2,096 | 10% | 47% | 27% | 2% | 2% | – | 6% | – | 6% | BN +20% | [196] |
| Emir Research[q] | 15 Jan – 25 February 2020 | 2,002 | 30% | 53% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | BN +23% | [197] | |
| Emir Research[q] | 5 Sep – 10 October 2019 | 1,992 | 43% | 39% | – | – | – | – | – | 17% | – | PH +3% | [198] | |
Results of the 14th Malaysian general election, 9 May 2018edit | ||||||||||||||
| Polling firm | Dates conducted | Region | Total votes | PH | BN | GS | USA | W | – | – | Ind | Und | Lead | Ref |
| General election | 9 May 2018 | Malaysia | 12,299,514 | 46% | 34% | 17% | 0.5% | 2% | – | – | 0.5% | – | PH +12% | |
Results
editBy alliance
edit| State or federal territory | PH + MUDA | PN | BN + GRS | GPS | Other | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | ||
| 29,317 | 19.77 | 80,287 | 54.15 | 35,365 | 23.85 | – | n/a | 3,308 | 2.23 | 148,277 | |
| 281,523 | 23.28 | 664,720 | 54.96 | 235,353 | 19.46 | – | n/a | 27,943 | 2.31 | 1,209,539 | |
| 87,293 | 8.80 | 631,201 | 63.66 | 265,666 | 26.79 | – | n/a | 7,411 | 0.75 | 991,571 | |
| 40,645 | 5.50 | 460,789 | 62.34 | 234,392 | 31.71 | – | n/a | 3,270 | 0.44 | 739,096 | |
| 566,245 | 59.99 | 226,173 | 23.96 | 143,398 | 15.19 | – | n/a | 8,155 | 0.86 | 943,971 | |
| 641,205 | 43.29 | 456,751 | 30.84 | 369,848 | 24.97 | – | n/a | 13,414 | 0.91 | 1,481,218 | |
| 199,918 | 22.90 | 330,912 | 37.91 | 335,048 | 38.38 | – | n/a | 7,010 | 0.80 | 872,888 | |
| 1,547,385 | 52.85 | 806,717 | 27.55 | 509,852 | 17.41 | – | n/a | 63,815 | 2.18 | 2,927,769 | |
| 535,527 | 62.62 | 166,056 | 19.42 | 136,720 | 15.99 | – | n/a | 16,891 | 1.98 | 855,194 | |
| 5,988 | 16.34 | 16,002 | 43.67 | 13,692 | 37.37 | – | n/a | 961 | 2.62 | 36,643 | |
| 295,449 | 44.80 | 144,835 | 21.96 | 212,167 | 32.17 | – | n/a | 6,969 | 1.06 | 659,420 | |
| 199,267 | 38.69 | 159,238 | 30.92 | 152,613 | 29.63 | – | n/a | 3,923 | 0.76 | 515,041 | |
| 825,182 | 42.26 | 519,661 | 26.62 | 598,244 | 30.64 | – | n/a | 9,371 | 0.48 | 1,952,458 | |
| 5,307 | 18.67 | 8,124 | 28.59 | 7,416 | 26.10 | – | n/a | 7,572 | 26.64 | 28,419 | |
| 294,676 | 27.58 | 11,303 | 1.06 | 403,295 | 37.74 | – | n/a | 359,259 | 33.62 | 1,068,533 | |
| 376,592 | 31.95 | 35,397 | 3.00 | – | n/a | 662,601 | 56.21 | 104,278 | 8.85 | 1,178,868 | |
| Total | 5,931,519 | 38.00 | 4,701,906 | 30.12 | 3,653,069 | 23.40 | 662,601 | 4.24 | 643,551 | 4.12 | 15,608,906 |
| Source: Election Commission of Malaysia (SPR)[201] | |||||||||||
By parliamentary seats
edit| State or federal territory | PH + MUDA | PN | BN + GRS | GPS | Other | Total | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats | % | +/– | Seats | % | +/– | Seats | % | +/– | Seats | % | +/– | Seats | % | +/– | ||
| 0 | n/a | 3 | 100 | 0 | n/a | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 3 | ||||||
| 1 | 6.67 | 14 | 93.33 | 0 | n/a | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 15 | ||||||
| 0 | 0 | 14 | 100 | 0 | n/a | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 14 | ||||||
| 0 | 0 | 8 | 100 | 0 | n/a | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 8 | ||||||
| 10 | 76.92 | 3 | 23.08 | 0 | n/a | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 13 | ||||||
| 11 | 45.83 | 10 | 41.67 | 3 | 12.50 | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 24 | ||||||
| 2 | 14.29 | 7 | 50.00 | 5 | 35.71 | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 14 | ||||||
| 16 | 72.72 | 6 | 27.28 | 0 | n/a | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 22 | ||||||
| 10 | 90.90 | 0 | n/a | 1 | 9.10 | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 11 | ||||||
| 0 | n/a | 1 | 100 | 0 | n/a | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 1 | ||||||
| 3 | 37.50 | 0 | n/a | 5 | 62.50 | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 8 | ||||||
| 3 | 50.00 | 3 | 50.00 | 0 | n/a | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 6 | ||||||
| 15 | 57.69 | 2 | 7.69 | 9 | 34.62 | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 26 | ||||||
| 0 | n/a | 1 | 100 | 0 | n/a | – | n/a | 0 | n/a | 1 | ||||||
| 5 | 20.00 | 1 | 4.00 | 13 | 52.00 | – | n/a | 6 | 24.00 | 25 | ||||||
| 6 | 19.35 | 1 | 3.23 | 0 | n/a | 23 | 74.19 | 1 | 3.23 | 31 | ||||||
| Total | 82 | 36.94 | 73 | 32.88 | 30 | 13.51 | 23 | 10.36 | 7 | 3.15 | 222 | |||||
| Source: Election Commission of Malaysia (SPR)[201] | ||||||||||||||||
State assemblies
edit| State / Federal Territory |
Barisan Nasional | Pakatan Harapan + Malaysian United Democratic Alliance | Perikatan Nasional | Gerakan Tanah Air | Others / Independents | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | % | ±! | Votes | % | Seats | % | ±! | Votes | % | Seats | % | ±! | Votes | % | Seats | % | ±! | Votes | % | Seats | % | ±! | |
| 337,533 | 38.75 | 17 | 38.10 | 188,230 | 21.61 | 8 | 19.05 | 340,378 | 39.07 | 17 | 40.48 | 4,929 | 0.58 | 0 | 0.00 | 2,125 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||||
| 380,816 | 20.38 | 9 | 15.25 | 624,594 | 42.35 | 24 | 40.68 | 456,034 | 30.92 | 26 | 44.07 | 4,277 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 9,244 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||||
| 36,301 | 24.49 | 0 | 0.00 | 27,856 | 18.79 | 1 | 6.67 | 77,504 | 52.29 | 14 | 93.33 | 905 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 5,646 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||||
Seats that changed allegiance
editAftermath
editFormation of federal government
editIn the general election, no individual alliance won the required 112 seats needed for a majority in the Dewan Rakyat to form the next government.[202]
On 19 November, Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) leader Abang Johari said that his party would work together with Perikatan Nasional (PN), Barisan Nasional (BN) and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) to form the government.[203] PN leader Muhyiddin Yassin also claimed to have a sufficient majority to be appointed as prime minister, citing support from PN, BN, GPS and GRS.[204] However, BN leader Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said that BN had not negotiated with GPS or PN on forming a government with BN, while also stating that BN MPs already agreed to let him decide who BN would ally with to form a government.[205]
On 20 November, In a press conference at around 3:00 a.m. Pakatan Harapan (PH) leader Anwar Ibrahim claimed to have secured a simple majority of 111 seats a to form the next government, but refused to mention which other parties were cooperating. This came not long after Perikatan Nasional chairman Muhyiddin Yassin hinted at being able to form a coalition government but rejected working with PH.[206][207]
On 21 November, PH leaders and BN leaders met at the Seri Pacific Hotel.[208] Also on 21 November, the deadline for political parties to prove their majority in Parliament to form a government and nominate a prime minister was extended for 24 hours by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, shifting the deadline to the next day.[209] Meanwhile, Hamzah Zainudin of PN said that PN submitted over 112 statutory declarations from MPs supporting Muhyiddin for prime minister.[210]
On 22 November, Ismail Sabri Yaakob of BN stated that BN would not support either PH or PN to form a government and was prepared to sit in opposition.[211] Meanwhile, after discontent from Sarawak over GPS working with PN, GPS stated that it was up to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to appoint the Prime Minister; while Parti Warisan voiced support for a government with PH and BN.[212][213] Also that day, the royal palace stated that after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong reviewed the nominations for prime minister, he found that "no member of parliament has the majority support to be appointed prime minister", so the Yang di-Pertuan Agong summoned Anwar and Muhyiddin to meet him.[214][215] After the meeting, Muhyiddin said that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong proposed a unity government between Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan National, but Muhyiddin rejected it as Perikatan National "will not cooperate" with Pakatan Harapan; while Anwar acknowledged that the prime minister had yet to be determined, while stating that "given time, I think we will secure a simple majority".[216][217]
On 23 November, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong met with BN and GPS leaders in the royal palace.[218] Meanwhile, some members of BN and PN met in St Regis Hotel.[219]
On 24 November, Ahmad Maslan of UMNO stated that the party's supreme council has agreed to follow the wishes of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for BN to join a unity government not led by PN.[220] Meanwhile, Perikatan Nasional would consider forming a unity government, stated its secretary-general Hamzah Zainudin; while GRS leader Hajiji Noor stated that GRS would abide by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's wishes on forming a new government, including if a unity government was formed.[221][222] Also, DAP secretary-general Anthony Loke publicly apologised on behalf of his party to the Sarawak government and Sarawak people for any offensive statement by a DAP leader, while DAP chairman Lim Guan Eng apologised as well for "my remarks that may have offended the Sarawak Premier and the GPS Sarawak state government", calling for "a fresh start to cooperate together".[223]
Later on 24 November, the royal palace announced that PH chairman Anwar Ibrahim was appointed as prime minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Sultan Abdullah, after the Agong conducted a consultation with the Conference of Rulers of Malaysia.[2][21] Anwar was sworn in at 5 pm that day, making him Malaysia's 10th prime minister.[22] However, Muhyiddin continued to insist that he had the support of a majority of 115 MPs to form the next government and called on Anwar to prove Anwar's majority; this led to former prime minister Najib Razak calling for Muhyiddin himself to prove his 115 MP majority.[224] As of 24 November, Anwar has received support from MPs from PH, BN, GPS, Warisan, MUDA and PBM, as well as independent MPs.[20] Anwar has pledged to hold a vote of confidence on 19 December 2022, once MPs are sworn into Parliament.[20]
On 25 November, both Anwar and GRS leader Hajiji Noor stated that GRS had joined the unity government, supporting Anwar; this resulted in Anwar becoming the first prime minister since Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in 2008 to have two-thirds majority support in Parliament.[23][225] Meanwhile, Muhyiddin congratulated Anwar and acknowledged him as prime minister, thanked Anwar for inviting PN to join the unity government, and declined Anwar's invitation, stating that PN would play the role of a "credible opposition" to ensure "corruption-free governance".[24][226]
Anwar Ibrahim received the vote of confidence of the parliament on 19 December.[227]
International reactions
editFollowing the formation of unity government and the appointment of Anwar as prime minister, organisations such as the European Union,[228] the United Nations,[228] as well as various head of states and their representative including from Afghanistan,[229] Australia,[230] Austria,[231] Bahrain,[232] Bangladesh,[233] Brazil,[231] Canada,[234] China,[235] East Timor,[236] Finland,[228] Germany,[237] India,[238] Iran,[239] Japan,[240] Maldives,[228] New Zealand,[241] Pakistan,[242] Qatar,[243] Russia,[231] Saudi Arabia,[244] Somalia,[228] South Korea,[245] Sri Lanka,[246] Sudan,[247] Taiwan,[248] Turkey,[249] the United Arab Emirates,[250] the United Kingdom,[231] the United States,[251] and Yemen[252] sent their congratulatory messages.
Some of the head of states of neighbouring ASEAN countries also congratulated Anwar:
Brunei: The Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, sent a congratulatory message to Anwar Ibrahim on 25 November 2022. In the message, he expressed confidence that Anwar's leadership and integrity would allow Malaysia to enjoy "continuous development" for the prosperity of its people, and conveyed his desire to further strengthen the close relations between the two countries.[253]
Indonesia: The President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, personally congratulated Anwar Ibrahim through a telephone call on 24 November 2022. Jokowi expressed his wish to meet Anwar "as soon as possible" while Anwar reiterated that Indonesia has been "Malaysia's true ally", further adding that the two countries should continue to deepen economic and cultural cooperation.[254]
Philippines: The President of the Philippines, Bongbong Marcos extended his well wishes to Anwar Ibrahim through a tweet, describing the latter as his good friend and looking forward to the stability that Anwar's leadership provides for Malaysia as well as for the whole ASEAN region.[255]
Singapore: The Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong, sent a congratulatory letter to Anwar Ibrahim on 24 November 2022, shortly after the Istana Negara confirmed Anwar's appointment as the new prime minister. In the letter, Lee congratulated his Pakatan Harapan coalition for their "strong performance" in the election, and noted the "longstanding substantive relationship" between the two countries, adding that the two countries could "do much more together to enhance openness, stability and connectivity" in their bilateral relationship.[256] On 25 November, Lee called Anwar to reiterate his congratulations, and invited him to visit Singapore soon; in return, Anwar replied to Lee on Twitter that he would be looking forward to meeting him "at the earliest opportunity".[257]
Thailand: The Prime Minister of Thailand, Prayut Chan-o-cha, sent a congratulatory message on 4 December 2022 to Anwar on becoming the 10th prime minister of Malaysia. In the message, Prayut was looking forward with Anwar to further enhance bilateral relations between the two countries in both regional and international levels.[258] Earlier, the Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand and Health Minister, Anutin Charnvirakul posted a congratulatory message with a video of him and Anwar through his official Facebook account on 26 November 2022. In his message, he wish "may the dual relationship of our two countries soar greater than ever before".[259]
Vietnam: The Prime Minister of Vietnam, Pham Minh Chinh, sent a message of congratulations to Anwar on 25 November 2022.[260]
See also
edit- 2018 Malaysian general election
- 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis
- 2022 Malaysian state elections
- 2022 Bugaya by-election
- 2023 Malaysian state elections
- 2022 United States elections - Same month elections were held in United States of America
Notes
edit- ^ a b Polling in 11 stations within the Baram constituency was delayed to 21 November due to flooding, while polling in Padang Serai was also delayed to 7 December due to the death of a candidate.
- ^ Excludes BERSATU, which was part of the coalition in the 2018 election but subsequently left and later joined Perikatan Nasional in 2020. The original number of seats and vote share held by Pakatan Harapan as it was in 2018 was 113 seats and 45.68%, respectively.
- ^ Includes MUDA.
- ^ New coalition formed in 2020. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU, PAS and GERAKAN in the last election. The parties were previously part of Pakatan Harapan, Gagasan Sejahtera and Barisan Nasional.
- ^ Barisan Nasional named Ismail Sabri Yaakob as its Prime Ministerial candidate, however Ahmad Zahid Hamidi was the central leading figure throughout the election.
- ^ Total seats and vote share of the parties currently in Barisan Nasional (UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS). The total seats and vote share of Barisan Nasional as it was in the last election was 79 seats and 33.77%, respectively.
- ^ New coalition formed in 2018. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of PBB, PRS, SUPP, PDP, and PPSS United in the last election. All parties were previously part of Barisan Nasional and Independent politicians.
- ^ New coalition officially formed in 2022. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU Sabah, PBS, STAR, LDP, PHRS, USNO, SAPP and PCS in the last election. The parties were previously part of Barisan Nasional, United Sabah Alliance and United Borneo Alliance.
- ^ PBM was in a leadership dispute, with incumbent president Larry Sng claiming he remained party president, while Zuraida Kamaruddin claimed to have been elected president at a general assembly in October 2022. She had been the president-designate since June 2022.
- ^ The lifting of the state of emergency in the Sabah seat of Bugaya (N66) on 12 October 2022 meant that a state by-election was held simultaneously with the federal election.[50]
- ^ Contested at Sungai Buloh.
- ^ Contested in Bagan Datuk.
- ^ Contested at Titiwangsa.
- ^ Contested at Sepang.
- ^ Contested at Lawas.
- ^ Involves ages 18–24 only.
- ^ a b Barisan Nasional was tallied as Muafakat Nasional.
References
edit- ^ Bul, Tracy (15 December 2022). "Perlembagaan GRS benar keahlian langsung". Perlembagaan GRS benar keahlian langsung. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Malaysian opposition leader Anwar appointed prime minister". Reuters. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Ahmad, Mohamad Rasdan (4 October 2022). "Sah PRU Tahun ini". Kosmo!. Retrieved 4 October 2022.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Dr M: July 2023 the best date for GE15". The Star. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ^ "Proclamation – Summon the Parliament [P.U. (A) 139/2018]" (PDF). Attorney General's Chamber of Malaysia. 13 June 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Malaysia PM dissolves parliament". Reuters. 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "No early elections for PAS-held states, says party vice-president". Free Malaysia Today. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Penang, Selangor and Negri not dissolving state assemblies this year, says Anwar". The Star. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ a b c d "GE15: Penang, S'gor, Negri assemblies will not dissolve, says Pakatan presidential council". Nation. The Star. 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ a b c Hassan, Hazlin (14 October 2022). "Malaysia's PAS says its three state assemblies won't be dissolved for elections". The Straits Times. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "Will young voters in Malaysia revive the career of a 97-year-old politician?". NPR.org. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ "Padang Serai polls set for dec 7". 19 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Polling for Baram suspended due to bad weather". 19 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
- ^ "Malaysia's 'Green Wave' Was a Long Time Coming". Fulcrum Singapore. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ "'Green wave' sweeps over voters". The Star. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ "Iman Research: PAS' 'green wave' long time coming, came from lack of Pakatan presence and winning over first-time voters". Malay Mail. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ "'Gelombang hijau' PAS akan berkembang dalam PRN, kata Hadi". Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ "ULASAN Kejutan 'Gelombang Hijau' dalam PRU15". Malaysia Kini. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ "Bangkitnya 'gelombang hijau' di Malaysia". Benar News. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ a b c "Parliament session on Dec 19, motion of confidence on PM to be tabled – PM Anwar". Bernama. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ a b "Anwar Ibrahim appointed as Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister". Bernama. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ a b c "Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister". New Straits Times. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ a b Dahali, Rafiqah (25 November 2022). "GRS joined unity government for the good of Sabah, says Hajiji". New Straits Times. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ a b Rodzi, Nadirah (25 November 2022). "PN to stay as opposition bloc, to provide checks and balances to Anwar's unity govt". The Straits Times. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ a b Martin Carvalho; Hemananthani Sivanandam; Rahimy Rahim; Tarrence Tan (16 July 2019). "Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18". The Star. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Kenyataan media – Pendaftaran pengundi 18 tahun" (PDF). Election Commission of Malaysia (in Malay). 7 June 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ a b Sipalan, Joseph; Azmi, Hadi (28 October 2022). "Malaysia election: As race heats up to win youth vote, do veteran MPs pass the 'vibe check'?". South China Morning Post.
- ^ "Najib in jail: What are his options after losing his final appeal in 1MDB-linked case?". CNA. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Malaysian PM hopes to brush off 1MDB scandal in next election". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "'Still angry': as Malaysians lose faith in politics, will new faces offer hope?". South China Morning Post. 23 October 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ "Malaysia declares Covid state of emergency amid political turmoil". The Guardian. 12 January 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ a b c Chu, Mei Mei; Latiff, Rozanna; Lee, Liz (16 August 2021). "Malaysian PM Muhyiddin resigns as political crisis escalates". Reuters. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ a b "A timeline of events leading to Malaysian PM's resignation". AP NEWS. 16 August 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Malaysia appoints third prime minister in as many years". The Independent. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ Teoh, Shannon (12 June 2020). "Malaysia PM Muhyiddin Yassin looks to snap polls to end battle with predecessor Mahathir". The Straits Times. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ Soo, Wern Jun (12 June 2020). "Report: Snap polls talk gains momentum in Malaysia". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ a b Shukry, Anisah (1 June 2022). "Malaysia PM Says Won't Delay Dissolving Parliament Once Ready". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ Nandini Balakrishnan (28 September 2016). "Here's The Fastest Way To Register As A Voter Before The Next Elections". Says.com. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
Qualifications needed to register as a voter in Malaysia:
a) A Malaysian citizen above the age of 21.
b) A resident of an election constituency.
c) Is not disqualified by any laws. - ^ "A Young Malaysian's Guide to the Election". Juice. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
You are not eligible to register if you are:
a) on the qualifying date, you are serving jail term or detained as a person of unsound mind.
b) before the qualifying date, you have been convicted or sentenced to death or serving a jail term of more than 12 months and you're still liable on the qualifying date.
c) found guilty under the Election Offences Act, 1954.
d) have a foreign citizenship (Malaysian citizenship law does not permit a Malaysian to carry dual citizenship). - ^ "Age of Majority Act 1971". The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia. 22 April 1971. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ "Here are the best apps to get Malaysia's general elections (GE15) Polling Results and News". Here are the best apps to get Malaysia's general elections (GE15) Polling Results and News. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ Zahiid, Syed Jamal (10 October 2022). "PM Ismail Sabri dissolves Parliament to pave way for GE15". Malay Mail. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "Hamdan re-elected as Speaker of Perlis Legislative Assembly". The Star. Bernama. 21 July 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ "Raja of Perlis consents to dissolution of state assembly". The Star. Bernama. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Forty Pahang reps sworn in". MalaysiaKini. Bernama. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ "GE15: Pahang state assembly dissolved". The Star. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Ngeh appointed Perak state assembly speaker". MalaysiaKini. Bernama. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ Bunyan, John (12 October 2022). "MB Saarani leaves Perak palace without nod to dissolve state assembly". Malay Mail. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ "All but one of 56 Selangor assemblymen sworn in". The Sun. Bernama. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ Alyaa, Alhadjri (20 October 2022). "Malaysia goes to the polls on Nov 19". MalaysiaKini. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ "Abdullah appointed as Kelantan State Assembly Speaker". theSundaily. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ "32 Terengganu assemblymen sworn in". Malay Mail. Bernama. 1 July 2018. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ Azis, Diana (2 July 2018). "Pengerusi Amanah negeri angkat sumpah Speaker DUN". Utusan Malaysia. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ Trisha, N (5 July 2017). "Kedah gets a Speaker at last". The Star. Alor Setar. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ "Law Choo Kiang elected Penang speaker for second term". The Malaysian Times. Bernama. 2 August 2018. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ Doksil, Mariah (10 October 2020). "21 Warisan assemblymen undergo RTK Antigen test". The Borneo Post. Kota Kinabalu. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ "GE15: All eyes on EC tomorrow". Malay Mail. Kuala Lumpur. Bernama. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ "Persidangan pertama DUN Melaka ke-15 ditetapkan 27 Disember". Astro Awani. Astro. Bernama. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- ^ "ADUN Sarawak angkat sumpah". Sinar Harian (in Malay). Karangkraf Group. Bernama. 14 February 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ^ "DUN Johor – 56 ADUN angkat sumpah jawatan". Astro Awani. Astro. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ^ "SIMBOL PARTI YANG BERDAFTAR DENGAN SPR SEHINGGA 17 OKTOBER 2022" (PDF). Election Commission of Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ Dewan Rakyat telah menjadi kosong berikutan dengan pembubaran (in Malay)
- ^ Zulkifli, Syamilah (16 October 2022). "Tok Mat mampu menang besar di Rembau: Khairy". Sinar Harian (in Malay). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ Yeong, Ashley (1 November 2022). "BN confirms Khairy for Sungai Buloh in GE15 to loud cheers". Malay Mail. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Four ministers among big guns likely dropped from contesting". The Star. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
- ^ a b Mohamed Radhi, Nor Ain; Bala Krishnan, Dhesegaan (1 November 2022). "Several ministers, deputies axed from BN candidate list for GE15". New Straits Times. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ "Shahidan, Zahidi, Ismail and Azhar expelled from Umno – Ahmad Maslan". The Edge Markets. 7 November 2022. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ "PAS leaders contesting under different banner are automatically expelled, says Hadi". The Star. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Anwar to contest in Tambun parliamentary seat". The Star. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ "PKR likely to field big guns against 'pengkhianat', says Anwar". Malaysiakini. 23 September 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ Ng Xiang Yi; Alena Nadia (28 October 2022). "Selangor MB Amirudin to take on Azmin in Gombak, others dropped". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ "PKR announces its candidates for GE15". The Star. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ Razak, Radzi (26 October 2022). "Nik Aziz's son among seven key community leaders announced as PKR's GE15 candidates". Malay Mail. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Tian Chua to be sacked from PKR for running as an independent, says Anwar". The Star. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ "Charles Santiago dropped in Klang". The Sun. Malaysia. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ Jun, Soo Wern (26 October 2022). "GE15: Loke confirms Wong Tack out, Young Syefura in for Bentong contest". Malay Mail. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ "DAP drops Santiago, Kota Kemuning rep Ganabatirau to stand in Klang". The Vibes. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ "Dropped duo fire salvos at DAP". The Star. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ Ong, Justin (26 October 2022). "Dropped in Bentong, Wong Tack goes solo to take on DAP's Rara". Malay Mail. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ "以独立人士上阵文冬 黄德被开除党籍！ – 全国大选 – 最新消息". 星洲网 Sin Chew Daily Malaysia Latest News and Headlines (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ a b "Harapan's Padang Serai candidate dies". Malaysiakini. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Padang Serai ballot likely to be delayed". The Vibes. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ Tong, Geraldine (18 November 2022). "EC postpones Padang Serai polling to Dec 7". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ "EC to meet on Friday to fix date for Padang Serai contest". Malaysiakini. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ "Election in Padang Serai postponed following candidate's death". Malaysiakini. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ^ "PN's Tioman candidate Yunus Ramli passes away". The Star. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
- ^ "Election in Tioman: EC sets Nomination Day on Nov 24, polling on Dec 7". The Star. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
- ^ "DAP to use Pakatan logo for GE15 in peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak branches free to decide". Malay Mail. 14 November 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ Sulok, Tawie (13 October 2022). "GE15: Sarawak PKR, Amanah to use Pakatan logo; DAP inclined to use 'Rocket' symbol". Malay Mail. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Sarawak DAP will use its rocket logo". Malaysiakini. 23 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Unlike Sarawak, we're not using rocket logo for GE15: Sabah DAP". The Vibes. 23 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Selvam, Kousalya (22 September 2022). "Muda, PSM's desire to work with PH to be looked into, assures Adam Adli". Sinar Daily. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Pakatan will form electoral pact with Muda, says Anwar". The Star. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ Ong, Justin (30 October 2022). "PSM ends pact with Pakatan after allegedly given no seat for GE15". Malay Mail. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ "Perikatan Nasional to contest in all 14 parliament, 42 state seats in Pahang in GE15". The Star. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "PAS to use own logo in Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah". Free Malaysia Today. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ "Gerakan will not use PAS logo in GE15". The Star. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Bersatu candidates in Sabah to contest under GRS logo – Muhyiddin". Malaysiakini. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Sabah's Parti KDM to go solo in GE15". The Borneo Post. 21 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Dr M's Gerakan Tanah Air eyes 120 seats in GE15". The Star. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ "Mahathir will defend Langkawi seat in Malaysia GE | The Straits Times". The Straits Times. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ "BN tanding 191 kerusi". Malaysiakini. 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Close to 50–50 seats split between GRS, BN in Sabah". Malaysiakini. 15 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "Ismail Sabri: BN-GRS cooperation vital to ensure joint victory in GE15". Malay Mail. 23 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "PBRS to contest in Penampang, Moyog, Kepayan". Malay Mail. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "Umno proposes Ismail Sabri Yaakob as its candidate for PM at next general election". The Straits Times. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ Nasir, Aslinda (19 September 2021). "Makkal Sakti diberi tempat pada PRU-15 – Ahmad Zahid". Utusan Digital (in Malay). Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ "'Friends of BN' almost certain of becoming BN candidates in GE15 – Zahid". The Edge Markets. 2 June 2022. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- ^ "Seat distribution: GPS maintains status quo, says Abang Jo". Malay Mail. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ "Warisan to contest all seats in Penang in GE15". MSN. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- ^ "Not here to play: Siti Kasim to make political debut in GE15". The Vibes. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "PBK to contest all 31 parliamentary seats in S'wak". The Vibes. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ "Sarawak based opposition parties to meet on seat allocation this month". The Borneo Post. 4 June 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ "PSB, PBK and PBDS formalise collaboration for GE15". Malay Mail. 2 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "GE15: PBK to field four candidates as of now, says Voon". The Borneo Post. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "PRU15: SEDAR sah bertanding, sasar lapan kerusi majoriti Melayu-Melanau". Astro Awani (in Malay). Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ "PRM jumps into the election fray, contesting five Parliamentary seats in Penang". The Star. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ Ismail, Rohana (22 October 2022). "PRU15: PRM bertanding di semua kerusi Parlimen di Kelantan". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ Yakkub, Mohd Yunus (1 November 2022). "PRU15: PRM umum tanding 28 Parlimen, 1 DUN". Kosmo Digital (in Malay). Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ Asmin, Asyikin (1 November 2022). "Anifah bakal bertanding di Kimanis?". Sinar Harian (in Malay). Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ "Aspirasi not fielding anyone in Sibu, Lanang, Bintulu and Miri". The Borneo Post. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Penang Front Party plans to contest in 10 state and parliamentary seats, says its chairman". Malay Mail. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ "GE15 in numbers". The Star. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ "Pengundian di Padang Serai pada 7 Dis". 18 November 2022.
- ^ "Will you take blame for lost lives if GE held during floods, MP asks Zahid". Free Malaysia Today. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ a b Hassan, Hakem (19 September 2022). ""We will proceed" – Zahid Hamidi Slammed For Harshly Saying Elections Must Go On Despite Floods". worldofbuzz.com. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Year-end not the right time for GE15, say experts". MalaysiaNow. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Low voter turnout due to floods will help Umno win GE15". Malaysia Today. 2 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ Osman, Hamzah (17 October 2022). "Umno taking advantage of floods to win GE15, says Dr Mahathir". New Straits Times. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Hassan, Hakem (16 October 2022). "DAP Politician Says Govt Purposely Chose to Have GE During Floods in Hopes of Lower Voter Turn-Out". worldofbuzz.com. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Zahid says his comment on floods and GE15 taken out of context". The Star. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Ahmad Zahid: Opposition are running scared of GE15, trying to buy time with flood, inflation narrative | Daily Express Online – Sabah's Leading News Portal". www.dailyexpress.com.my. 27 September 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Zainuddin, Faiz (12 October 2022). "Police resources will be stretched if it floods during GE15". Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ "GE15: 'Over and above' preparations made in facing floods, says Hishammuddin". The Star. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ Pei Ying, Teoh (12 October 2022). "Kit Siang: GE15 is to save Umno and BN "Court Clusters"". New Straits Times. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Ram, Sadho (12 October 2022). "Zahid Hamidi Warns More BN Politicians Will Face Corruption Charges If Party Loses GE15". SAYS. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Alena (12 October 2022). ""If we lose, we'll all get charged" – M'sians Are Upset After Hearing Zahid Hamidi's Speech About GE15". worldofbuzz.com. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "PM Ismail Sabri denies dissolving Parliament after pressure from Umno". Malay Mail. 13 October 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ Margues, Clara Ferreira (18 October 2022). "Will Malaysia's Young Voters Use Their Power?". Bloomberg News.
- ^ a b "Gerik MP Hasbullah dies (updated)". The Star. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Batu Sapi MP Liew Vui Keong dies". The Star. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "Malaysia declares Covid state of emergency amid political challenges". BBC News. 12 January 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "King revokes emergency proclamations for Gerik, Batu Sapi and Bugaya". Free Malaysia Today. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "72-year-old Jasin MP Ahmad Hamzah to sit out GE15". Malaysiakini. 26 December 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ Sejahan, Zareen Humairah (28 August 2021). "Mohamed Nazri akan bersara, tidak bertanding PRU-15" [Mohamed Nazri to retire, does not contest in PRU-15]. Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ Singh, Sharanjit (23 August 2022). "Najib loses appeal, headed to prison [NSTTV]". New Straits Times. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
- ^ Yatim, Norhaspida (24 October 2022). "PRU15: Idris umum tak bertanding, beri laluan pemimpin muda" [PRU15: Idris announced not contesting, giving way for young leaders]. Sinar Harian (in Malay). Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Ab Malek, Roselan (31 October 2022). "Ahmad Nazlan tak pertahan Parlimen Jerantut" [Ahmad Nazlan to not defend Jerantut Parliamentary seat]. Berita Harian (in Malay). Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "Pasir Salak MP Tajuddin, Alor Setar division chief Yusof suspended from Umno". The Star. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ "BN to field Adnan Abu Hassan to wrest Kuala Pilah seat from PN". The Star. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Noh Omar dropped from Tanjung Karang". The Star. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ Chan, Dawn (20 March 2022). "Kit Siang announces retirement from politics [NSTTV]". New Straits Times. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ^ "Ong takes break from politics, won't contest in GE15". Free Malaysia Today. 9 May 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "DAP's Kasthuri will not run in GE15, says was not dropped". Free Malaysia Today. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ 代父披甲上阵 . 火箭黄秀励出战泗里街（内附视频） – 地方 – 砂拉越 – 犀乡论战. Sin Chew Daily Malaysia (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ a b Yap, Fion (26 October 2022). "DAP reshuffle: Bee Yin, Hong Pin, Gobind to contest in new seats". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ Chua, Samuel; Azhar, Danial (28 October 2022). "Perak DAP to contest 8 parliamentary, 19 state seats". Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ Alagesh, T. N. (1 November 2022). "GE15: Former Kampar MP replaces DAP's Young Syefura in Ketari state seat". New Straits Times. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ Sinnappan, Low Chia Ming & Arulldas (30 October 2022). "Syerleena, Guan Eng's sister named MP candidates by Penang DAP". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ 陈仪乔宣布不上阵大选，支持李健聪接手旺沙玛珠. Malaysiakini (in Chinese). 18 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ 曾敏凯遭公正党除名，由新人上阵亚罗士打. Malaysiakini (in Chinese). 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ Muhamamd, Anne (28 October 2022). "PKR to field 26-year-old doctor in Sungai Petani". Free Malaysia Today.
- ^ "It was my decision not to contest Gopeng, says Lee Boon Chye". The Star. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ a b Nambiar, Predeep (29 October 2022). "PKR names 72 candidates for Parliament". Free Malaysia Today.
- ^ Parzi, Nasaruddin (3 November 2022). "GE15: Sivarasa dropped due to health issues, says Anwar". New Straits Times. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ "GE15: PKR drops Dr Michael Teo from candidates list". The Borneo Post. November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ Isa, Badrul Hafizan Mat (18 October 2022). "Muhammad Faiz dinamakan sebagai calon PH di Tampin" [Muhammad Faiz was named as PH's candidate in Tampin]. Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ Ghazali, N. Faizal (25 October 2022). "Amanah pertaruh pemimpin pemuda di Temerloh, Tasek Gelugor" [Amanah to bet on young leaders in Temerloh, Tasek Gelugor]. Malaysiakini. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ Mohd, Hariz (30 October 2022). "Amanah gugur Hanipa, 3 lagi penyandang PRU kali ini" [Amanah dropped Hanipa, 3 more incumbents in this PRU]. Malaysiakini. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ "Tasek Gelugor MP won't contest in GE15". Free Malaysia Today. 19 June 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "6 Bersatu MPs to opt out of GE15, says report". Free Malaysia Today. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ Rahimah, Abdullah (2 November 2022). "PRU15: Dr Noor Azmi gugur calon PN, Wan Saiful sah ke Tasek Gelugor" [GE15: Dr Noor Azmi dropped PN candidate, Wan Saiful confirmed to Tasek Gelugor] (in Malay). Astro Awani. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
- ^ "[UPDATED] GE15: Mustapa Mohamed says will not defend Jeli seat". The Vibes. 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
- ^ Chan, Julia (2 November 2022). "No comeback as Musa Aman, son's name left out of GRS-Barisan's candidate list". Malay Mail. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Nik Abduh will not be defending Bachok seat". The Star. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
- ^ "Xavier Jayakumar not contesting in GE15: source". The Vibes. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Mohamaddin Ketapi umum tidak pertahan Lahad Datu" [Mohamaddin Ketapi announced to not defend Lahad Datu]. Malaysiakini. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ a b "GE15: No PBM candidates in Johor despite earlier indications to contest". The Star. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ Tawie, Sulok (30 October 2022). "Abang Johari says Wan Junaidi to sit out GE15, zips lips on replacement Santubong candidate". Malay Mail. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ "PRU15: Fadillah, Nanta kekal di Petra Jaya dan Kapit; Nancy tanding di Santubong – Abang Johari" [GE15: Fadillah, Nanta remain in Petra Jaya and Kapit; Nancy competes in Santubong – Abang Johari] (in Malay). Astro Awani. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
- ^ ISKANDAR, PETAH WAZZAN (2 November 2022). "Senarai penuh 121 calon GTA, termasuk 3 artis". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ "PH mendahului – Merdeka Center". Malaysiakini. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ Ayamany, Keertan (16 November 2022). "YouGov poll shows Pakatan in lead to win GE15, but Muhyiddin still most popular leader". Malay Mail. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ "Malaysia GE: Pollster finds PH is preferred ruling coalition, PN has most Malay support | The Straits Times". The Straits Times. 11 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^ "Kajian: BN ekori rapat PH dari segi kecenderungan pengundi" [Study: BN tails growing PH from voters' preference]. Malaysiakini (in Malay). 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ "[UPDATED] GE15: think-tank predicts crushing defeat for Azmin in Gombak". The Vibes. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ Idris, A. Azim (16 November 2022). "GE15: survey predicts hung Parliament, with likely BN-GPS-PN pact after polls". The Vibes. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ "[INFOGRAFIK] Tinjauan awam menjelang PRU15: Apa yang rakyat mahu? (sehingga 10 Oktober)". Astro Awani. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ Chai, James (2 November 2022). "Polarised but Hopeful: How Malaysia's Gen Zs May Vote and Why". ISEAS. 2022 (106). Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ a b c "Merdeka Center Pre-Election National Survey Highlights". Merdeka Center for Opinion Research. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ Haika Mat Khazi, Mohd Faizul (31 October 2022). "Kunci kemenangan sudah jelas". Sinar Harian (in Malay). Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "Peninsular Malaysia GE15 Election Poll Prediction". 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ "Sabah & Sarawak GE15 Election Poll Prediction". vodus.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ "Keputusan Rasmi Terkini PRU Sarawak 2021 Pilihanraya Negeri PRN 12" [Updated official results of the 12th Sarawak state elections]. mysumber.com (in Malay). 18 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ Ahmad, Razak (20 November 2021). "INTERACTIVE: Breakdown of the Melaka election results". The Star. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ @AsiaElects (19 November 2020). "Malaysia, EMIR Research poll: UMNO (Conservative): 43% (+22) PAS (Islamist): 16% (−1) BERSATU (Conservative): 8% (+2) PEJUANG (Centrist): 6% PKR (Liberal): 5% (−12) DAP (Centre-left): 4% (−15)...+/- vs 2018 election Fieldwork: 08/2020 Sample size: 2,096" (Tweet). Retrieved 31 October 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ @AsiaElects (24 July 2020). "Malaysia, EMIR Research poll: 'UMNO/PAS'-Conservative/Islamist: 53% (+13) PH-Centrist: 30% (−12)..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ @AsiaElects (29 December 2019). "Malaysia, EMIR Research poll: PH-Centrist: 42% (−6) MN-Conservative: 39% (−12) Independents: 17% (+16)..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Dashboard SPR". dashboard.spr.gov.my. Election Commission of Malaysia. November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ "Results Overview". The Star. 19–21 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ a b "Portal Rasmi Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Malaysia (SPR)" [Official Portal of the Election Commission of Malaysia (EC)] (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
- ^ Nik Nurfaqih Nik Wil (21 November 2022). "GE15: Hung Parliament and significance of anti-hopping law in Malaysia". Bernama. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Nur Shazreena Ali; Marilyn Ten (20 November 2022). "Abang Johari: GPS agrees to pact with PN, BN and GRS to form next government". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "Muhyiddin: I have the numbers to be PM". The Star. 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ "Zahid: BN never agreed to form federal govt with GPS, PN". New Straits Times. 20 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Tan, Tarrence; Vethasalam, Ragananthini (20 November 2022). "GE15: Anwar claims simple majority, but mum on party Pakatan is cooperating with". The Star. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Chan, Dawn; Sallehudin, Qistina (20 November 2022). "GE15: Anwar claims PH has numbers to form govt [UPDATED]". New Straits Times. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Chan, Wai Kit (21 November 2022). "Anwar and Zahid among Pakatan and BN leaders at Seri Pacific Hotel in KL". Malay Mail. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Palansamy, Yiswaree (21 November 2022). "Agong extends deadline for political leaders to provide numbers, PM nominees to 2 pm tomorrow". Malay Mail. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "GE15: PN has submitted 'more than 112' SDs to King from MPs backing Muhyiddin for PM". New Straits Times. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "GE15: Ismail Sabri: BN won't support any coalition to form federal govt". New Straits Times. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
- ^ Tawie, Sulok (22 November 2022). "GPS says it is up to the Agong to decide the next prime minister". Malay Mail. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "Shafie: Warisan supports PH, BN to form government". The Borneo Post. 22 November 2022.
- ^ "No one with simple majority, King summons Anwar and Muhyiddin". New Straits Times. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Tee, Kenneth (22 November 2022). "Anwar, Muhyiddin arrive in Istana Negara after both called by King to decide Malaysia's next govt". Malay Mail. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "PN will not cooperate with PH to form government – Muhyiddin". Bernama. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "GE15: No decision yet on who will be PM, says Anwar". The Star. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Pei Ying, Pei Ying; Nizam, Fuad (23 November 2022). "GPS convoy leaves Istana Negara". New Straits Times. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Chan, Dawn (23 November 2022). "GE15: BN asked for DPM post, sources say on BN-PN meet". New Straits Times. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Basyir, Mohamed; Hakim, Luqman (24 November 2022). "GE15: Umno says no to unity government with PN". New Straits Times. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Chan, Julia (24 November 2022). "Perikatan says willing to 'consider the proposal' of unity government". Malay Mail. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "GRS will abide by Agong's decision on formation of unity govt". Bernama. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Sallehuddin, Qistina (24 November 2022). "Lim Guan Eng finally apologises to Sarawak govt and its people". New Straits Times. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "How about you proving your 115, Najib tells Muhyiddin". New Straits Times. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "GRS joins, unity govt achieves two-thirds of Parliament – PM Anwar". Bernama. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Shukry, Anisah (25 November 2022). "A Rival's Misstep Helped Anwar Finally Land Malaysia's Top Job". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Mei Mei Chu,Angie Teo (19 December 2022). "Malaysia Prime Minister Anwar wins motion of confidence in parliament". Reuters. Retrieved 4 January 2023..
- ^ a b c d e Alena (25 November 2022). "Here Are Some Of The World Leaders & Orgs. Who Congratulated Anwar Ibrahim As 10th PM of Malaysia". World of Buzz. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "India, Pakistan, Afghanistan congratulate Anwar on becoming PM". Bernama. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022 – via New Straits Times.
- ^ Nabila, Dania (25 November 2022). "Australian PM congratulates Anwar, keen to strengthen friendship between nations". New Straits Times. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d Zainal, Fatimah (26 November 2022). "Envoys keen to work with new PM". The Star. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "HRH the Crown Prince and the Prime Minister congratulates the newly appointed Prime Minister of Malaysia". Bahrain News Agency. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina congratulates newly elected Malaysian PM Anwar Ibrahim". Dhaka Tribune. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "Prime Minister Justin Trudeau speaks with Prime Minister of Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim". Prime Minister of Canada. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ Jiangnan, Xian; Jun, Liang (26 November 2022). "Chinese premier sends congratulations to new Malaysian PM". People's Daily Online. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "Timor Leste president visits Anwar at Seri Perdana". Bernama. 12 December 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via The Vibes.
- ^ Yee, Elizabeth (25 November 2022). "Foreign Leaders and Mission Congratulate Anwar". Business Today. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "Modi Congratulates Anwar Ibrahim For Being Elected Malaysian PM". Outlook India. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "Pres. Raisi: Malaysia for Iran an Islamic, Asian priority". Islamic Republic News Agency. 26 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "Congratulatory Message from Prime Minister Kishida to Prime Minister of Malaysia Anwar" (Press release). 25 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022 – via Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan.
- ^ "Warm congratulations to Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim, Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister". 24 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022 – via New Zealand High Commission in Kuala Lumpur Official Facebook Page.
- ^ "PM Shehbaz felicitates Anwar Ibrahim on becoming Malaysia's prime minister". Samaa English TV. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "HH the Amir Sends Congratulations to New Malaysian Prime Minister". Qatar News Agency. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "Saudi leaders congratulate Anwar Ibrahim on becoming Malaysia's PM". Arab News. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "President Yoon sent congratulatory letter to the new Prime Minister" (Press release). 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022 – via Republic of Korea Embassy in Malaysia.
- ^ Mohamed, Hazari (1 December 2022). "President congratulates newly appointed Malaysian PM Anwar Ibrahim". News Radio - TNLRN. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
- ^ "Sudan's President congratulates PM Anwar". Bernama. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022 – via Astro Awani.
- ^ "New Malaysia PM congratulated by MOFA". Taiwan Today. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ Fatih Beyaz, Zafer (24 November 2022). "Turkish president congratulates new Malaysian premier". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ Esmail, Esraa; AlGhoul, Rola (25 November 2022). "UAE leaders congratulate new Malaysian Prime Minister". Emirates News Agency. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "MALAYSIA'S NATIONAL ELECTIONS [STATEMENT BY SECRETARY ANTONY J. BLINKEN]" (Press release). 25 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022 – via United States Embassy in Malaysia.
- ^ "Saudi crown prince, Arab leaders congratulate Anwar on becoming PM". The Vibes. 26 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "Royal congratulatory message to Malaysia". Borneo Bulletin. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ Assegaf, Fardah; Lidya N, Desca; Ihsan, Nabil (25 November 2022). "President Jokowi congratulates Anwar on becoming Malaysia's PM". Antara. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (25 November 2022). "Marcos congratulates new Malaysian premier Anwar". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ Kamil, Asyraf (24 November 2022). "PM Lee congratulates Anwar Ibrahim on his appointment as Malaysia's 10th prime minister". TODAY. Mediacorp. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ "PM Lee invites Malaysia's new leader Anwar to visit Singapore". CNA. Mediacorp. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ "Anwar thanks Thai PM for message of congratulations". The Vibes. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022 – via Bernama.
- ^ "'อนุทิน' ยินดี 'อันวาร์' นั่งนายกฯ มาเลเซีย ขอความสัมพันธ์ 2 ชาติยอดเยี่ยมยิ่งขึ้น" [Anutin congratulates Anwar as Malaysia's prime minister, wishing for better relations between the two countries]. Thai Post (in Thai). 26 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "Congratulations to newly-appointed Prime Minister of Malaysia". Vietnam News Agency. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022 – via Vietnam+.
External links
edit- Electoral Commission of Malaysia Archived 9 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine