Loeys–Dietz syndrome

There is considerable variability in the phenotype of Loeys–Dietz syndrome, from mild features to severe systemic abnormalities. The primary manifestations of Loeys–Dietz syndrome are arterial tortuosity (winding course of blood vessels), widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), wide or split uvula, and aneurysms at the aortic root. Other features may include cleft palate and a blue/gray appearance of the white of the eyes. Cardiac defects and club foot may be noted at birth.^[7]

There is overlap in the manifestations of Loeys–Dietz and Marfan syndromes, including increased risk of ascending aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection, abnormally long limbs and fingers, and dural ectasia (a gradual stretching and weakening of the dura mater that can cause abdominal and leg pain). Findings of hypertelorism (widely spaced eyes), bifid or split uvula, and skin findings such as easy bruising or abnormal scars may distinguish Loeys–Dietz from Marfan syndrome.^{[citation needed]}

Affected individuals often develop immune system related problems such as allergies to food, asthma, hay fever, and inflammatory disorders such as eczema or inflammatory bowel disease.^{[citation needed]}

Findings of Loeys–Dietz syndrome may include:^{[citation needed]}

• Skeletal malformations
  • craniosynostosis
  • Scoliosis
  • Kyphosis
  • Spinal instability and spondylolisthesis
  • Sternal abnormalities (pectus excavatum/pectus carinatum)
  • Joint hypermobility
  • Camptodactyly
  • Long fingers
  • Club foot
• Facial abnormalities
  • Weakened or missing eye muscles (strabismus)
  • Widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism)
• Congenital heart defects
  • Patent ductus arteriosus
  • Atrial septal defect
  • Bicuspid aortic valve
  • Crossed pulmonary arteries^{[citation needed]}
• Translucency of the skin with a velvety texture
• Arnold–Chiari malformation

Several genetic causes of Loeys–Dietz syndrome have been identified. A de novo mutation in TGFB3, a ligand of the TGF β pathway, was identified in an individual with a syndrome presenting partially overlapping symptoms of Marfan syndrome and Loeys–Dietz syndrome.^[8]

Diagnosis involves consideration of physical features and genetic testing. Presence of split uvula is a differentiating characteristic from Marfan Syndrome, as well as the severity of the heart defects. Loeys–Dietz Syndrome patients have more severe heart involvement and it is advised that they be treated for enlarged aorta earlier due to the increased risk of early rupture in Loeys–Dietz patients. Because different people express different combinations of symptoms and the syndrome was first identified in 2005, many doctors may not be aware of its existence.^{[citation needed]}

As there is no known cure, Loeys–Dietz syndrome is a lifelong condition. Due to the high risk of death from aortic aneurysm rupture, patients should be followed closely to monitor aneurysm formation, which can then be corrected with vascular surgery. Previous research in laboratory mice has suggested that the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan, which appears to block TGF-beta activity, can slow or halt the formation of aortic aneurysms in Marfan syndrome. A large clinical trial sponsored by the National Institutes of Health is currently underway to explore the use of losartan to prevent aneurysms in Marfan syndrome patients. Both Marfan syndrome and Loeys–Dietz syndrome are associated with increased TGF-beta signaling in the vessel wall. Therefore, losartan also holds promise for the treatment of Loeys–Dietz syndrome. In those patients in which losartan is not halting the growth of the aorta, irbesartan has been shown to work and is currently also being studied and prescribed for some patients with this condition.^{[citation needed]}

If an increased heart rate is present, a cardioselective beta-1 blocker, with or without losartan, is sometimes prescribed to reduce the heart rate to prevent any extra pressure on the tissue of the aorta. Likewise, strenuous physical activity is discouraged in patients, especially weight lifting and contact sports.^[9]

The incidence of Loeys–Dietz syndrome is unknown; however, Type 1 and 2 appear to be the most common.^[6]

• Bertoli-Avella, A. M; Gillis, E; Morisaki, H; Verhagen, J. M. A; De Graaf, B. M; Van De Beek, G; Gallo, E; Kruithof, B. P. T; Venselaar, H; Myers, L. A; Laga, S; Doyle, A. J; Oswald, G; Van Cappellen, G. W. A; Yamanaka, I; Van Der Helm, R. M; Beverloo, B; De Klein, A; Pardo, L; Lammens, M; Evers, C; Devriendt, K; Dumoulein, M; Timmermans, J; Bruggenwirth, H. T; Verheijen, F; Rodrigus, I; Baynam, G; Kempers, M; et al. (2015). "Mutations in a TGF-β ligand, TGFB3, cause syndromic aortic aneurysms and dissections". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 65 (13): 1324–1336. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.040. PMC 4380321. PMID 25835445.

• LDS-Syndrome^{[dead link‍]}