Link 16

Link 16 is a TDMA-based secure, jam-resistant, high-speed digital data link that operates in the radio frequency band 960–1,215 MHz, allocated in line with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio regulations to the aeronautical radionavigation service and to the radionavigation satellite service. This frequency range limits the exchange of information to users within line-of-sight of one another, although with satellite capabilities and ad hoc protocols, it is nowadays possible to pass Link 16 data over long-haul protocols such as TCP/IP using MIL-STD 3011 (JREAP) or STANAG 5602 (SIMPLE). It uses the transmission characteristics and protocols, conventions, and fixed-length or variable length message formats defined by MIL-STD 6016 and STANAG 5516 (formerly the JTIDS technical interface design plan). Information is typically passed at one of three data rates: 31.6, 57.6, or 115.2 kilobits per second (kbits/s), although the radios and frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) waveform itself can support throughput values well over 1 Mbit/s.^[1]

Link 16 information is primarily coded in J-series messages which are binary data words with well-defined meanings. These data words are grouped in functional areas, and allocated to network participation groups (NPG) (virtual networks), most importantly:

• PPLI, or Precise Participant Location and Identification (network participation groups 5 and 6),
• Surveillance (network participation group 7),
• Command (Mission Management/Weapons Coordination) (network participation group 8),
• (Aircraft) Control (network participation group 9),
• Electronic Warfare & Coordination (network participation group 10).

Link 16 is intended to advance Tactical Data Links (TDLs) as the NATO standard for data link information exchange. Link 16 equipment is located in ground, airborne, and sea-based air defense platforms and selected fighter aircraft. The U.S. industry is now developing a new Link 16 SCA compliant radio MIDS-JTRS which currently is projected to implement nine various tactical waveforms, including Link 16.^{[citation needed]}

The MIDS program, which manage the development of the communication component for Link 16, is managed by the International Program Office located in San Diego, California. In the United States, the lead Air Force command for the MIL-STD-6016 standard, plans, and requirements is the Air Force Global Cyberspace Integration Center at Langley AFB, with JTIDS program execution managed by the 653d Electronic Systems Wing at Hanscom Air Force Base near Boston, Massachusetts. The MIL-STD-6016 Standard configuration management custodian is the Defense Information Systems Agency.

Some examples of platforms currently using the Link 16 capability are:

• U.S. carrier battle groups
• French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R91)
• Italian aircraft carrier Cavour (550) and Giuseppe Garibaldi (551)
• Royal Navy ships, Canadian, Australian, French, Italian, Spanish, Danish, Norwegian, Dutch, New Zealander and German frigates
• German K130 Braunschweig-class corvette
• Swedish Visby-class corvette
• Finnish Hämeenmaa-class minelayer
• Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Akizuki-class
• Republic of Korea Navy Sejong the Great-class
• Taiwanese Kee Lung Class Destroyers
• Japan MSDF Kongō-class destroyer
• Turkish MILGEM frigates^[2]
• Turkish TF-2000-class destroyer
• Turkish TCG Anadolu

• Arrow
• SAMP/T
• Patriot ICC and Battery Command Post (BCP)
• THAAD
• JTAGS
• NASAMS
• Joint Land Attack/Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensors (JLENS)

• SDB II
• JSOW-C1

• Joint Data Network

The U.S. Army is integrating Link 16 into select command and control elements of its UH-60 Black Hawk fleet,^{[citation needed]} and intends to pursue fielding to AH-64 Apache and other aviation assets.

The USAF will add Link 16 to its Rockwell B-1 Lancer and Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bombers with the Common Link Integration Processing system.^[3] Early versions of the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor could only receive but not transmit Link 16 data,^[4] on the basis that transmitting data would reveal its location.^[5] Upgrades to the F-22 have since given it the ability to transmit Link 16 as well.^[6]

• Network simulator for simulation of military radios and tactical data links
• Air Force Command and Control Integration Center lead Air Force command for MIL-STD-6016 standard and plans/programs
• 653d Electronic Systems Wing JTIDS program execution
• JREAP Joint Range Extension Applications Protocol
• Link 22 a similar scheme designed to complement and interoperate with Link 16, originally developed as a system to replace Link 11