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Sunan al-Tirmidhi

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Sunan al-Tirmidhi (Arabic: سنن الترمذي, romanized: Sunan al-Tirmidhī) is the fourth hadith collection of the Six Books of Sunni Islam. It was compiled by Islamic scholar al-Tirmidhi in c. 864–884 (250–270 AH).

Sahih al-Tirmidhi
AuthorAl-Tirmidhi
LanguageArabic
SeriesKutub al-Sittah
GenreHadith collection
Published9th century

Title

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The full title of the compilation is al-jāmiʿ al-mukhtaṣar min as-sunan ʿan Rasūl Allāh ﷺ wa maʿrifat al-saḥīḥ wal-maʿlūl wa mā ʿalayhil al-ʿamal (Arabic: الجامع المختصر من السنن عن رسول الله ﷺ ومعرفة الصحيح والمعلول وما عليه العمل).[1][2] It is shortened to al-jāmiʿ al-saḥīḥ, al-jāmiʿ al-sunan, al-jāmiʿ al-Tirmidhī, al-sunan al-Tirmidhī or Ṣaḥīḥ al-Tirmidhī.

The term Jami within the title indicates a complete collection covering all eight Risalah (Allah's message) subjects. The term Sunan within the title refers to the collection's focus and chapter arrangement based on the particular Risalah subject, ahkam (general law).[3] Al-Kattani said: "The Jamiʿ of at-Tirmidhi is also named The Sunan, contrary to those thinking them to be two separate books, and [it is also named] Al-Jamiʿ al-Kabir.[4]

Since the book is considered by most Sunnis to be the most authentic after Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, this was dubbed by later scholars as Ṣaḥīḥ al-Tirmidhī.[5]

Compilation and description

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He began compiling it after the year 864/5 AD (250 AH) and completed it on the 9 June 884 AD (10 Dhu al-Hijjah 270 AH).

It contains about 4330 ahadith[6] (now roughly 4400), and has been divided into fifty chapters—disputed as 46 books.[7]

Reception

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Ibn al-Athir said: "(It) is the best of books, having the most benefit, the best organization, with the least repetition. It contains what others do not; like mention of the different views, angles of argument, and clarifying the circumstances of the hadith as being sahih, da'if, or gharib, as well as disparaging and endorsing remarks (regarding narrators)."

Authenticity

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Sunnis regard this collection as fifth in strength of their six major hadith collections.[8] Ibn al-Jawzi stated that there are twenty-three[9] or thirty[10] forged hadith in it. Some scholars like al-Suyuti have criticised Ibn al-Jawzi's findings as being too strict, concluding that there are no fabricated hadith in the Jami.[11] The 20th-century Albanian Islamic scholar al-Albani identified sixteen fabricated hadith.[12]

Ibn Hazm's Opinion

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It was narrated from Ibn Al-Qattan Al-Fasi that Ibn Hazm said in his now lost book, Al-Isaal, that Al-Tirmidhi's position was Majhul or unknown. What is usually the case with narrators that are unknown is that they are rejected as being authentic. This peculiar and seemingly bizarre view of Ibn Hazm regarding Al-Tirmidhi's status in Hadith was also recorded by Al-Dhahabi in his book, Tarikh Al-Islam, and he said the following:

What is astonishing is Abu Muhammad Ibn Hazm, where he says about Abu 'Isa [i.e. Al-Tirmidhi]: '[He is] unknown,' as mentioned in the book Al-Isaal.[13]

In attempt to try to defend Ibn Hazm, Al-Dhahabi made the point that the Jami' of Tirmidhi hadn't reached Andalusia until after Ibn Hazm's death. This claim, however, doesn't stand. What seems to be the case is that the book had reached Al-Andalus even before Ibn Hazm's birth.

Of the scholars who studied Al-Tirmidhi's Sunan in Al-Andalus was Ibn Al-Fardhi Al-Maliki, Ibn Hazm's teacher, and he praised Al-Tirmidhi's status in his book "Al-Mu'talif wal-Mukhtalif." Among other scholars, there was Yahya bin Muhammad al-Jayyani, who died in 390 AH, six years after Ibn Hazm's birth. Ibn 'Abd al-Barr used to narrate Al-Tirmidhi's reports through al-Jayyani, and he even mentioned Al-Tirmidhi in his book "Al-Tamhid".[14] Ibn Hazm himself also reviewed the book, making him aware of Al-Tirmidhi's narrations, thus refuting the claim of Al-Dhahabi that the book hadn't made it to Al-Andalus before Ibn Hazm's death.

Ibn Kathir also mentioned Ibn Hazm's opinion of Al-Tirmidhi, but misunderstood what was transmitted by Ibn Al-Qattan and claimed that Ibn Hazm made Al-Tirmidhi Majhul in his Al-Muhalla. However, there is no mention of this, and his ranking as unknown was only recorded in Al-Isaal, and not in any other work.

Types of hadith included relating to their authenticity

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Of the four Sunan books, al-Tirmidhi's alone is divided into four categories. The first, those hadith definitively classified as authentic, he is in agreement with Bukhari and Muslim b. al-Hajjaj. The second category are those hadith which conform to the standard of the three scholars, al-Tirmidhi, al-Nasa'i and Abu Dawood, at a level less than Bukhari and Muslim b. al-Hajjaj. Third, are the hadith collected due to a contradiction; in this case, he clarifies its flaw. And fourth, those hadith which some fiqh specialists have acted upon.[15]

Contents

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Editor, Ahmad Muhammad Shakir's 1937–65, Cairo publication, in 5 volumes, provides the standard topical classification of the hadith Arabic text.[16] The book is divided into 49 chapters.[17][18]

Commentaries

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See also

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Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article:

References

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  1. ^ Imam Tirmidhi and his Al-Jami’ al-Sunan: http://daruliftaa.com/node/7130 Archived 2014-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Jonathan A.C. Brown (2007), The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon, p.10. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004158399. Quote: "We can discern three strata of the Sunni hadith canon. The perennial core has been the Sahihayn. Beyond these two foundational classics, some fourth/tenth-century scholars refer to a four-book selection that adds the two Sunans of Abu Dawud (d. 275/889) and al-Nasa'i (d. 303/915). The Five Book canon, which is first noted in the sixth/twelfth century, incorporates the Jami' of al-Tirmidhi (d. 279/892). Finally the Six Book canon, which hails from the same period, adds either the Sunan of Ibn Majah (d. 273/887), the Sunan of al-Daraqutni (d. 385/995) or the Muwatta' of Malik b. Anas (d. 179/796). Later hadith compendia often included other collections as well.' None of these books, however, has enjoyed the esteem of al-Bukhari's and Muslim's works." Archived 2018-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Imam Tirmidhi and his Al-Jami' al-Sunan (الجامع السنن للإمام الترمذي رضي الله عنه) - daruliftaa.com". daruliftaa.com. 26 March 2005. Archived from the original on 2014-01-27. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  4. ^ Al-Risalah al-Mustatrafah, pg. 11.
  5. ^ al-Jawziyya, Ibn Qayyim (2020-05-06). Ranks of the Divine Seekers: A Parallel English-Arabic Text. Volume 1. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-41341-2.
  6. ^ Brown, J. A. C. (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World (2nd ed., p. 34). Oneworld Publications.
  7. ^ "Jami' at-Tirmidhi - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
  8. ^ Haddad, G. F. "Various Issues About Hadiths". Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2006-03-12.
  9. ^ Tirmidhi, M. I. (2007). The Translation of the Meaning of Jami Tirmidhi with Explanatory Notes and Brief Biographical Sketches of Major Narrators (p. 10). Darul Ishaat.
  10. ^ Kamali, M. H. (2005). A Textbook of Hadith Studies: Authenticity, Compilation, Classification and Criticism of Hadith (p. 203). The Islamic Foundation.
  11. ^ Muqaddamah Tuhfat al-Ahwazi, pp. 180-181 as cited in Tirmidhi, M. I. (2007). The Translation of the Meaning of Jami Tirmidhi with Explanatory Notes and Brief Biographical Sketches of Major Narrators (p. 11). Darul Ishaat.
  12. ^ Al-Albani, M. N. (2000). Daeef Sunan at-Tirmidhi (nos. 172, 801, 2494, 2505, 2681, 2699, 2714, 2762, 2887, 2888, 3570, 3684, 3709, 3923, 3928, & 3939). Maktab al-Maarif.
  13. ^ "Did Ibn Hazm, may Allah have mercy on him, die and made Al-Tirmidhi's position as "Majhul"?".
  14. ^ "Did Ibn Hazm, may Allah have mercy on him, die and made Al-Tirmidhi's position as "Majhul"?".
  15. ^ Shurut al-A'immah al-Sittah, by al-Maqdisi, pg. 92.
  16. ^ Hadith and the Quran, Encyclopedia of the Quran, Brill
  17. ^ "All books and chapters of jami al tirmizi". www.islamicfinder.org. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved Jun 27, 2019.
  18. ^ "Jami' at-Tirmidhi". sunnah.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved Jun 27, 2019.
  19. ^ "the-book-launching-ceremony-fuyoodh-un-nabi-sharh-jami-al-tirmidhi". Archived from the original on 2016-04-20.
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