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Hosea

This article is about the Biblical prophet and author of the Book of Hosea. For other uses of Hosea, see Hosea (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Hoshea or Horsea.

In the Hebrew Bible, Hosea (/hoʊˈziːə/ hoh-ZEE-ə or /hoʊˈzeɪə/ hoh-ZAY-ə; Hebrew: הוֹשֵׁעַ, romanized: Hōšēaʿ, lit. 'Salvation'), also known as Osee[1] (Ancient Greek: Ὡσηέ, romanized: Hōsēé), son of Beeri, was an 8th-century BC prophet in Israel and the nominal primary author of the Book of Hosea. He is the first of the Twelve Minor Prophets, whose collective writings were aggregated and organized into a single book in the Jewish Tanakh by the Second Temple period (forming the last book of the Nevi'im) but which are distinguished as individual books in Christianity. [2] Hosea is often seen as a "prophet of doom", but underneath his message of destruction is a promise of restoration. The Talmud claims that he was the greatest prophet of his generation.[3] The period of Hosea's ministry extended to some sixty years, and he was the only prophet of Israel of his time who left any written prophecy. Though its date is contested among scholars, the majority agree that the bulk of the book was probably composed around the times of Jeroboam II of Israel (c. 793–753 BC).[4][5]

Hosea
Russian icon of the prophet Hosea
An 18th-century Russian icon of the prophet Hosea (Iconostasis of Transfiguration Church, Kizhi monastery, Karelia, Russia)
Venerated inJudaism
Christianity
Islam
Major shrineSafed, Israel
FeastOctober 17 (Orthodox Christianity)
Attributesraising his hand in benediction, holding a scroll with the words Ex Egipto vocavi filium meum
Major worksBook of Hosea
Illustration of Hosea and Gomer from the Bible Historiale, 1372
The Prophet Hosea, by Duccio di Buoninsegna, in the Siena Cathedral (c. 1309–1311)

Name meaning

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The name Hosea seems to have been common, and is derived from a related verb meaning 'salvation'. Numbers 13:16 states that Hosea was the original name of Joshua, son of Nun until Moses gave him the longer, theophoric name Yehoshua (Hebrew: יְהוֹשֻֽׁעַ, romanized: Yēhōšūaʿ) incorporating an abbreviated form of the Tetragrammaton. Rashi explains in Sotah 34b that Joshua is a compound name of יה (Yah) and הושע (hōšēaʿ), "God may save".[6]

Location

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Although it is not expressly stated in the Book of Hosea, it is apparent from the level of detail and familiarity focused on north-east geography, that Hosea conducted his prophetic ministries in the northern Kingdom of Israel, of which he was a native.[7] In Hosea 5:8 ff., there seems to be a reference to the Syro-Ephraimite War which led to the capture of the kingdom by the Assyrians (c. 734–732 BCE). Hosea's long ministry, from the reign of Jeroboam II (787–747) to the reign of Hoshea (731–722),[8] seems to have ended before the fall of Samaria in 722/721.[9]

Family

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Little is known about the life or social status of Hosea. According to the Book of Hosea, he married Gomer, the daughter of Diblaim,[2] but she proved to be unfaithful. Hosea knew she would be unfaithful, as God says this to him immediately in the opening statements of the book. This marriage was arranged in order to serve to the prophet as a symbol of Israel's unfaithfulness to the Lord.[7] His marriage will dramatize the breakdown in the relationship between God and His people Israel.[10] Hosea's family life reflected the "adulterous" relationship which Israel had built with other gods.

Similarly, his children's names represent God's estrangement from Israel.[10] They are prophetic of the fall of the ruling dynasty and the severed covenant with God – much like the prophet Isaiah a generation later. The name of Hosea's daughter, Lo-ruhamah, which translates as 'not pitied', is chosen as a sign of displeasure with the people of Israel for following false gods.[11] The name of Hosea's son, Lo-ammi, which translates as 'not my people', is chosen as a sign of the Lord's displeasure with the people of Israel for following those false gods.[12]

Christian thought

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One of the early writing prophets, Hosea used his own experience as a symbolic representation of God and Israel. The relationship between Hosea and Gomer parallels the relationship between God and Israel. Even though Gomer runs away from Hosea and sleeps with another man, he loves her anyway and forgives her. Likewise, even though the people of Israel worshipped false gods, God continued to love them and did not abandon his covenant with them.[9]

The Book of Hosea was a severe warning to the northern kingdom against the growing idolatry being practiced there; the book was a dramatic call to repentance. Christians extend the analogy of Hosea to Christ and the church: Christ the husband, his church the bride. Christians see in this book a comparable call to the church not to forsake the Lord Jesus Christ. Christians also take the buying back of Gomer as the redemptive qualities of Jesus Christ's sacrifice on the cross.

Other preachers, like Charles Spurgeon, saw Hosea as a striking presentation of the mercy of God in his sermon on Hosea 1:7: "But I will have mercy upon the house of Judah, and will save them by the Lord their God, and will not save them by bow, nor by sword, nor by battle, by horses, nor by horsemen." – Bible, Hosea 1:7[13][14]

Islamic literature

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The Qur'an mentions only some prophets by name but makes it clear that many were sent who are not mentioned.[15] Therefore, many Muslim scholars, such as Ibn Ishaq, speak of Hosea as one of the true Hebrew prophets of Israel. The Book of Hosea has also been used in Qur'anic exegesis by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, especially in reference to Qur'anic verses which speak of the backsliding of Israel.[16]

Observances

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He is commemorated with the other Minor prophets in the Calendar of saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 31. He is commemorated on the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, with a feast day on October 17 (for those churches which follow the Julian Calendar, October 17 currently falls on October 30 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). He is also commemorated on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers (the Sunday before the Nativity of the Lord).

Several haftarot are taken from Hosea, including those for Vayetze, Vayishlach, Bamidbar, Naso, Shabbat Shuvah, and (Sephardic only) Tisha B'Av.

Tomb

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The structure at the cemetery in Safed known as the Tomb of Hosea

Jewish tradition holds that the tomb of Hosea is a structure located in the Jewish cemetery of Safed;[17] however, Emil G. Hirsch and Victor Ryssel, writing in The Jewish Encyclopedia, say that this tradition is "historically worthless".[7]

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The character Hosea Matthews in the video game Red Dead Redemption 2 is named after the prophet.

Norman Nicholson's play A Match for the Devil, first performed in 1953, is based on the story of Hosea.

The story of Hosea is retold in a modern-day setting in the film HOSEA (2020), directed by Ryan Daniel Dobson.[18]

Hosea is portrayed by Elijah Alexander in the film Amazing Love: The Story of Hosea (2012).[19]

The novel Redeeming Love (1991) is based on the book of Hosea.

References

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  1. ^   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Calès, Jean Marie (1911). "Osee". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ^ a b Smith, William Robertson; Robinson, Henry Wheeler (1911). "Hosea" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 784–786.
  3. ^ Pesachim 87a
  4. ^ Gruber, Mayer I. (2017). Hosea: A Textual Commentary. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-567-67175-2. ... most scholars in the nineteenth-twenty-first centuries have more or less taken it for granted that virtually all of the book of Hosea is to be dated to the reign of Jeroboam II
  5. ^ ”Hosea.” Irvine, Stuart A. The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Edited by Julia M. O'Brien. 2021. “Much of Hosea appears to reflect the circumstances and events of the eighth century (Na'aman 2015)”
  6. ^ Rosenbaum, M.; Silbermann, A.M. "Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary: Rashi on Numbers 13:16". Sefaria. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  7. ^ a b c   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hirsch, Emil G.; Ryssel, Victor (1901–1906). "Hosea, the Prophet". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  8. ^ Day, J., Hosea in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 751
  9. ^ a b "Hosea – Introduction". www.usccb.org.
  10. ^ a b "Hosea & Amos: Prophets to the North".
  11. ^ In Bible, Hosea 2:23 she is redeemed, shown mercy with the term Ruhamah.
  12. ^ see Bible, Hosea 1:8–9
  13. ^ Hosea 1:7
  14. ^ Spurgeon, in his sermon NO. 2057, December 16, 1888.
  15. ^ Qur'an 40:78
  16. ^ Abdullah Yusuf Ali refers to Hosea 8:14 for his notes on Q. 5:60
  17. ^ Woodall, Chris (2018). Minor Prophets in a Major Key. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 9781532642180.
  18. ^ "S8 E01: Hosea: A Modern Adaptation with Ryan Dobson & Michael Gungor". Makers & Mystics. 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  19. ^ Adames, Andrew (2013-07-20). "Amazing Love - Review". Sonoma Christian Home. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
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