The word hobbit was used by J. R. R. Tolkien as the name of a race of small humanoids in his fantasy fiction, the first published being The Hobbit in 1937. The Oxford English Dictionary, which added an entry for the word in the 1970s, credits Tolkien with coining it. Since then, however, it has been noted that there is prior evidence of the word, in a 19th-century list of legendary creatures. In 1971, Tolkien stated that he remembered making up the word himself, admitting that there was nothing but his "nude parole" to support the claim that he was uninfluenced by such similar words as hobgoblin. His choice may have been affected on his own admission by the title of Sinclair Lewis's 1922 novel Babbitt. The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey has pointed out several parallels, including comparisons in The Hobbit, with the word "rabbit".
Use by Tolkien
editProposed etymology
editBy Tolkien's own account, the coining of the name hobbit was a spontaneous flash of intuition. When he was busy grading examination papers, the word popped into his mind, not in isolation but as part of an entire sentence, which was to become the incipit of The Hobbit, "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit."[1]
Tolkien etymologized the name hobbit as the regular Modern English outcome of a hypothetical Old English *hol-bytla "hole builder". Within the linguistic fiction of The Lord of the Rings, the English etymology of Old English hol-bytlan → Modern English hobbit is the supposed translation of an "original" etymology of Rohirric kud-dukan → Westron kuduk.
Tolkien's statements
editOn 16 January 1938, shortly after the original release of The Hobbit a letter by a Habit in the English paper The Observer asked if Tolkien's Hobbits were modelled after "'little furry men' seen in Africa by natives and … at least one scientist", and also referenced an old fairy tale called The Hobbit from 1904, but Tolkien denied using these sources as inspiration, and no trace of the African Hobbits or the fairy tale collection was ever found. Tolkien replied to this letter with:
- "I do not remember anything about the name and inception of the hero… I have no waking recollection of furry pigmies (in book or moonlight); nor of any Hobbit bogey in print by 1904. I suspect that the two hobbits are accidental homophones, and am content that they are not synonymous. And I protest that my hobbit did not live in Africa, and was not furry, except about the feet. Nor indeed was he a rabbit…."
Tolkien also acknowledged the possible unconscious connection to others' writings, particularly those of Sinclair Lewis, who wrote the novel Babbitt in 1922. In a 1966 correspondence with Professor Harry Bauer of the University of Washington, Tolkien wrote, "...I now wonder whether Sinclair Lewis's Babbitt had not some part in the invention of this name: hobbit. I read all of Sinclair Lewis's works."[2]
In 1970 the Oxford Dictionary wrote to Professor Tolkien asking for the origins of the word, as they wished to include 'Hobbit' in the dictionary. Tolkien replied:
- "For the moment this is held up, because I am having the matter of the etymology: 'Invented by J. R. R. Tolkien': investigated by experts. I knew that the claim was not clear, but I had not troubled to look into it, until faced by the inclusion of hobbit in the Supplement."
In the event Hobbit was fully ascribed to Tolkien, as no earlier source was found.
hobbit n. one of an imaginary race of half-sized persons in stories by Tolkien; hence ~RY (5) n. [invented by J.R.R. Tolkien, Engl. writer d. 1973, and said by him to mean 'hole-builder']
— The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English
In 1971 Tolkien once again referred to his "invention":
- "The Ox. E. D. has in preparation of its Second Supplement got to Hobbit, which it proposes to include together with its progeny: hobbitry, -ish, etc. I have had, therefore, to justify my claim to have invented the word. My claim rests really on my 'nude parole' or unsupported assertion that I remember the occasion of its invention (by me); and that I had not then any knowledge of Hobberdy, Hobbaty, Hobberdy Dick etc. (for 'house-sprites')†; and that my 'hobbits' were in any case of wholly dissimilar sort, a diminutive branch of the human race.
- "† I have now! Probably more than most other folk; and find myself in a v. tangled wood—the clue to which is, however, the belief in incubi and 'changelings'. Alas! one conclusion is that the statement that hobgoblins were 'a larger kind' is the reverse of the original truth. (The statement occurs in the preliminary note on Runes devised for the paperback edition, but now included by A & U in all edns.)"
Possible inspirations
editHob-beings
editThe name hobbit for a diminutive legendary creature fits into a category of English words in hob- for such beings, based on the Middle English hobbe. These include hob, hobby, hobgoblin, Hobberdy Dick, Hobberdy, Hobbaty, hobbidy, Hobley, hobbledehoy, hobble, hobi, hobyn (small horse), hobby horse (perhaps from Hobin), Hobby (nickname for Robert), hobyah, Hob Lantern.[3] This theory was reinforced when in 1977 the Oxford English Dictionary announced that it had found the source that it supposed Tolkien to have used: J. Hardy's 1895 The Denham Tracts, Volume 2, which stated that "The whole earth was overrun with ghosts, boggles ... hobbits, hobgoblins." The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that the list was, however, of ghostly creatures without bodies, nothing like Tolkien's solid flesh-and-blood hobbits.[4]
Rabbit
editShippey notes a different connection, with rabbit, something that Tolkien "emphatically rejected",[4] although the word appears in The Hobbit in other characters' opinions of Bilbo in several places.[5] Bilbo compares himself to a rabbit when he is with the eagle that carries him; the eagle, too, tells Bilbo not to be "frightened like a rabbit".[4] The giant bear-man Beorn teases Bilbo and jokes that "little bunny is getting nice and fat again", while the dwarf Thorin shakes Bilbo "like a rabbit".[4]
Shippey writes that rabbit is not a native English species, but was deliberately introduced in the 13th century, and has become accepted as a local wild animal. Shippey compares this "situation of anachronism-cum-familiarity" with the lifestyle of the hobbit, giving the example of smoking "pipeweed". He argues that Tolkien did not want to write "tobacco", as it did not arrive until the 16th century, so Tolkien invented a calque made of English words.[4] Donald O'Brien notes, too, that Aragorn's description of Frodo's priceless mithril mail-shirt, "here's a pretty hobbit-skin to wrap an elven-princeling in", is a "curious echo"[5] of the English nursery rhyme "To find a pretty rabbit-skin to wrap the baby bunting in."[5]
| Feature | "Hobbit" | "Rabbit" |
|---|---|---|
| Neologism | Tolkien, 1937 | 1398 (OED) |
| Etymology | Doubtful, see text | Unknown before Middle English |
| Familiar Anachronism |
Smokes "pipeweed", but tobacco did not arrive until 16th century |
Introduced species but accepted as native |
| Appearance | Small, plump | (and also edible) |
| Name | Called "rabbit" by Bert the troll, eagle; called "little bunny" by Beorn |
(both are common names) |
Evidence of earlier use
editThe only source known today that makes reference to hobbits in any sort of historical context is the Denham Tracts by Michael Denham. More specifically, it appears in James Hardy's edition (London: Folklore Society, 1895), vol. 2, the second part of a two-volume set compiled from Denham's publications between 1846 and 1859. The text contains a long list of sprites and bogies, based on an older list, the Discovery of Witchcraft, dated 1584, with many additions and a few repetitions. The term hobbit is listed in the context of "boggleboes, bogies, redmen, portunes, grants, hobbits, hobgoblins, brown-men, cowies, dunnies".[6]
The Tolkien researcher Mark T. Hooker catalogues a number of words with a silhouette similar to hobbit, including:
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| hobit | a type of artillery piece; howitzer is a related word |
| hōbid | Old Saxon for "head" |
| hobaid | (anglicised hobbit) an Old Welsh measure of grain |
| hobet | variant of hobby, a small falcon species, Falco subbuteo |
| habit | In the Welsh fable Hanner Dyn, the title character's name means "half man"; the character is a personification of the force of habit |
| Hobith | The name of one of the "home gods" in The Gods of Pegāna by Lord Dunsany |
Hooker fails to find any of them "an unambiguous source for the Hobbits of Middle-earth".[7]
In the December 2003 Oxford English Dictionary newsletter, the following appears:[8]
"4. hobbit — J. R. R. Tolkien modestly claimed not to have coined this word, although the Supplement to the OED credited him with the invention of it in the absence of further evidence. It seems, however, that Tolkien was right to be cautious. It has since turned up in one of those 19th-century folklore journals, in a list of long-forgotten words for fairy-folk or little people. It seems likely that Tolkien, with his interest in folklore, read this and subconsciously registered the name, reviving it many years later in his most famous character. [Editor's note: although revision of the OED's entry for hobbit will of course take this evidence for earlier use into account, it does not yet appear in the online version of the entry.]"
As of 2024 the entry had "not yet been fully revised" in the OED Online.[9]
Proprietary status
editIn 1968 United Artists acquired film and related merchandising rights to The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Saul Zaentz bought the merchandising rights in 1976, vested in the Saul Zaentz Company (SZC; trade name "Middle-earth Enterprises", formerly "Tolkien Enterprises").[10] SZC registered trademarks in various product categories for names related to elements of the novels.[11][12]
The 1970s role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons has humanoid races approximating Tolkien's. The halfling race was called "hobbit" until changed after a 1977 lawsuit by Tolkien Enterprises in the run-up to the release of the animated film The Lord of the Rings.[13] For the same reason, Dungeons & Dragons "ents" were renamed treants; on the other hand elf, orc, and dwarf races were not renamed.[13] Although the word halfling is used in The Lord of the Rings as an exonym of hobbit, it is not proprietary to Tolkien and an earlier published citation in the OED is from The Sword of Rhiannon.[14] Later fantasy works also used halfling in a similar sense.[14]
In 2008 SZC won a World Intellectual Property Organization case against a cybersquatter for control of the domain name hobbits.com and typosquat hobbitts.com.[15]
In 2012 Warner Bros. released The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey in association with SZC. To coincide with the release, a New Zealand scientist planned a public lecture on Homo floresiensis,[16] an extinct human-like species discovered in 2003 and unofficially nicknamed "the hobbit" after its 2004 publication, because of its small stature.[17] SZC refused permission to use the word "hobbit" in publicising the lecture.[16] The same year, The Asylum tried to release a mockbuster film with the title Age of the Hobbits.[18] SZC and Warner sued, alleging Asylum's title was confusingly similar and violated its trademarks on the word "hobbit". Asylum claimed that its film was about Homo floresiensis, "uniformly referred to as 'Hobbits' in the scientific community", and also cited the word hobbit's appearance in the Denham Tracts.[19][20] The U.S. District Court said Asylum's evidence did not invalidate the trademark's distinctiveness and granted an injunction;[11] Asylum's film was eventually released as Clash of the Empires.
Businesses to which SZC has sent cease-and-desist letters include the Hobbit Grille restaurant in Bonita Springs, Florida in 2007;[21] The Hungry Hobbit café in Birmingham in 2011;[22] a Scottish manufacturer of cylindrical timber lodges called "hobbit houses" in 2011;[23] The Hobbit pub in Southampton in 2012;[24] and an English wine importer called Giraffe and Hobbit in 2016.[25] SZC offered a cheap copyright licence to the pub in response to online criticism of perceived excessive litigiousness.[24] Hobbit Travel of Minnesota won a 2008 case against SZC on the ground of laches (unreasonable delay) as it had used the word "hobbit" in its name since 1976.[26]
See also
edit- "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings"
- Hobbit (unit), a unit of weight or volume formerly used in Wales
References
edit- ^ Carpenter, Humphrey (1977). Tolkien: The Authorized Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 172.
- ^ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (2023) [1981]. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: Harper Collins. Letter to Harry C. Bauer, 24 November 1966. ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.
- ^ c.f. yourdictionary.com, based on OED. Archived February 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f Shippey 2005, pp. 76–78.
- ^ a b c O'Brien, Donald (15 December 1989). "On the Origin of the Name "Hobbit"". Mythlore. 16 (2): Article 19.
- ^ Denham, Michael (auth.) and Hardy, James (ed.) (1895). Denham Tracts (Vol. 2). London: David Nutt for The Folklore Society. p. 79.
- ^ Hooker, Mark T. (2014). The Tolkienaeum. Llyfrawr. pp. 55–74.
- ^ Simpson, John (December 2003). "Words of choice: a selection of words with unusual origins". Oxford English Dictionary December 2003 newsletter. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ "Hobbit". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ Dotinga, William (November 26, 2012). "Tolkiens Aghast at Warner Bros.' Exploitation". Courthouse News. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
- ^ a b Gutierrez, Philip S. "Warner Brothers Entertainment, et al. v. The Global Asylum, Inc" (PDF). Hollywood Reporter.
- ^ "Search for hobbit + zaentz". Trademarks. Justia. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ a b Laycock, Joseph (2015). Dangerous Games: What the Moral Panic Over Role-Playing Games Says about Play, Religion, and Imagined Worlds. Univ of California Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-520-28491-3. Retrieved 24 April 2019.; Ewalt, David M. (2014). Of Dice and Men: The Story of Dungeons & Dragons and The People Who Play It. Simon and Schuster. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-4516-4051-9. Retrieved 24 April 2019.; Konzack, Lars (8 December 2016). "The Subcreation of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth and How It Became Transmedial Culture". In Wolf, Mark J.P. (ed.). Revisiting Imaginary Worlds A Subcreation Studies Anthology. pp. 69–82: 75. doi:10.4324/9781315673363. ISBN 978-1-315-67336-3.
- ^ a b "halfling, n. and adj.". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. December 2022. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "Case No. D2008-0021: The Saul Zaentz Company d/b/a Tolkien Enterprises v. CheapYellowPages.com / Brian Wick". Domain Name Decisions. WIPO. 17 March 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- ^ a b Flood, Alison (30 October 2012). "Hobbit banned as title of lecture on prehistoric 'hobbit'". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ Aiello, Leslie C. (2010). "Five years of Homo floresiensis". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (2): 167–179. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21255. PMID 20229502.
- ^ Fritz, Ben (10 December 2012). "'Hobbit' knockoff release blocked by judge". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ "Hobbit producers sue 'mockbuster'". BBC. 8 November 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ^ Johnson, Ted (30 January 2013). "'Hobbit' lawsuits mire Shire waters". Variety. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ Rubin, Jonna (20 June 2007). "Local restaurant prepares for fight". Naples News. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ "Hobbit cafe told to change name". BBC. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ Devine, Amy (10 November 2011). "Movie bosses force Scots company to remove 'hobbit' name from lodges". Daily Record. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Fry and McKellen save Hobbit pub". BBC. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ Clarke-Billings, Lucy (22 February 2016). "Middle-earth Enterprises and Surrey couple locked in trademark dispute over use of 'hobbit' in company name". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ Gile, Ryan (1 August 2008). "Hobbit Travel Successfully Asserts Laches Defense Against Tolkien Enterprises's Trademark Infringement Lawsuit". Retrieved 17 April 2019.; "SAUL ZAENTZ COMPANY v. Wozniak Travel, Inc., 627 F. Supp. 2d 1096". CourtListener. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
Sources
edit- Shippey, Tom (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology (Third ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-261-10275-0.
Further reading
edit- Gilliver, Peter; Marshall, Jeremy; Weiner, Edmund (2006). The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861069-4.
- Burns, Marjorie (2007). "Tracking the Elusive Hobbit (In Its Pre-Shire Den)". Tolkien Studies. 4: 200–211. doi:10.1353/tks.2007.0006. S2CID 170413673.
- Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (2023) [1981]. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: Harper Collins. #25, #316, #319. ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.
- O'Brien, Donald (Winter 1989). "On the Origin of the Name 'Hobbit'". Mythlore. 16 (2): 32–38.