Scleroderris canker (American name), or Brunchorstia disease (European name),[1] Gremmeniella abietina, is a species of fungal diseases infecting coniferous forests. The main symptom is the death of the needles, leading to the death of the tree.[2] In the forest industry, fighting off an infection of Scleroderris canker is usually not cost-effective. Clearing is often preferred over fungicidal methods, as the latter is harmful to other living organisms.
| Scleroderris canker | |
|---|---|
| |
| Gremmeniella abietina | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Leotiomycetes |
| Order: | Helotiales |
| Family: | Helotiaceae |
| Genus: | Gremmeniella |
| Species: | G. abietina
|
| Binomial name | |
| Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerberg) Morelet
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerberg) | |
Geographical distribution
editThe European strain is present throughout all of Europe, including the European part of Russia.[1] The American strain limits itself to north of 44°N.[3]
Cause and symptoms
editThere are two strains of the fungus in existence, the North American and European. The latter is more virulent, capable of infecting an entire tree and killing it over a few years time, whereas the North American strain limits itself to the first few metres of the stem.[4] Another reason behind the high potency of the European strain is that trees are unable to defend themselves from the fungus during winters, as the fungus can remain active at temperatures as low as -5°C[5]
Early signs of a Scleroderris canker infection includes a purple tint in the needles and, more evidently, the falling off the needles in the wrong season. A severe Scleroderris canker infection can sometimes be disastrous, as the fungus survives on the pine cones, killing any new seedlings within two years.[citation needed]
Chances of infection increase greatly if the previous winter has been mild and the spring season is cool and wet, due to the active temperature. Infection occurs in damaged buds and proceeds downwards into the stem, and ascospores are released from November to July.[6]
Control
editChemical
editThe fungicide Chlorothalonil can be used to ward off the disease in nurseries. However, it is ineffective in adult populations.[7]
Resistance
editResistant species of Jack pine have been observed in Ontario.[7]
Regulatory
editIt has been found that the European strain can spread via the import of Christmas trees. Regulating such imports can limit the spread of the disease.[7]
Main host genera
editSynonyms
edit- Lagerbergia abietina (Lagerberg)
- Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerberg)
- Scleroderris abietina (Lagerberg)
- Scleroderris lagerbergii
References
edit- ^ a b Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests - Gremmeniella abietina
- ^ Problems with growing [Forest] in Iceland and Sweden
- ^ Scleroderris canker Archived 2006-05-08 at the Wayback Machine from Canadian Forest Service
- ^ Scleroderris canker European strain Archived 2006-10-02 at the Wayback Machine from Canadian Forest Service
- ^ Några skadesvampars hot mot vår svenska tall[permanent dead link] from Umeå University
- ^ Gremmen, J. (1968) [Contribution to the biology of Brunchorstia pinea, cause of shoot dieback in Austrian and Corsican pine]. Nederlands Bosbouw Tijdschrift 40, 221-231.
- ^ a b c Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture