The Great Turn or Great Break (Russian: Великий перелом) was the radical change in the economic policy of the USSR from 1928 to 1929, primarily consisting of the process by which the New Economic Policy (NEP) of 1921 was abandoned in favor of the acceleration of collectivization and industrialization and also a cultural revolution. The term came from the title of Joseph Stalin's article "Year of the Great Turn" ("Год великого перелома: к XII годовщине Октября", literally: "Year of the Great Break: Toward the 12th Anniversary of October") published on November 7, 1929, the 12th anniversary of the October Revolution.[1] David R. Marples argues that the era of the Great Break lasted until 1934.[2]: 102
Collectivization
editUp to 1928, Stalin supported the New Economic Policy implemented by his predecessor Vladimir Lenin. The NEP had brought some market reforms to the Soviet economy, including allowing peasants to sell surplus grain on the domestic and international market.[3]: 174 However, in 1928 Stalin changed his position and opposed continuation of the NEP.[2]: 98 Part of the reason for his change was that the peasants in the years before 1928 started hoarding grain in response to low domestic and international prices for their produce.[4]: 25
Stalin implemented agricultural collectivization, which would end private ownership of land. The state would take land from its previous owners and place it either under collective ownership of peasants (kolkhoz) or under state ownership (sovkhoz).[2]: 112 The idea behind collectivization was that large estates tend to yield more agricultural output. Also, owners of a large farm tended to be better able to afford machinery such as tractors and threshers than owners of small plots of land, and these technological implements would increase worker productivity, freeing up peasants to move to the cities and construction sites to aid the industrialization process.[4]: 24 Before collectivization, the owners of large farms tended to be wealthy peasants (kulaks) but the Bolsheviks regarded the kulaks as capitalist exploiters, and wished to redistribute the surplus land to the poorer peasants.[2]: 100 The only way to have large farms without kulak owners was to form collective farms.
The Soviet state needed increased agricultural output to feed the workers in the cities and construction sites.[2]: 101 The end of the NEP meant that peasants would no longer be able to sell grain to the state. Thus, the state would have to requisition surplus grain.[3]: 236
Collectivization met with little success before 1934 in terms of agricultural output.[4]: 44 The Soviet state was slow to provide the necessary tractors and other machinery to the collective farms and this delay caused a reduction in agricultural output.[4]: 47 Kulaks also resisted the collectivization process by slaughtering their livestock and hiding harvested grain in protest, reducing output even more.[2]: 105 On top of these two conditions, the state was requisitioning more grain than the quantity produced.[4]: 47 These three factors coupled with a severe drought and a slow response from the soviet administration led to a famine in parts of the countryside in 1932–33 including Kazakhstan, Ukraine and southern Russia. The famine and drought were so severe in the region that it also affected other countries such as Romania.[5]: 626 [6] In Ukraine, at least four million peasants died.[2]: 107
Industrialization
editWhile collectivization did not meet with much success, industrialization during the Great Break did. Stalin announced his first Five-Year-Plan for industrialization in 1928. The goals of his plan were unrealistic – for example, he wished to increase worker productivity by 110 percent.[3]: 253 Yet even though the country was not able to meet these overambitious goals, it still did increase output to an impressive extent.[2]: 114
Industrialization involved expanding the numbers of factories and construction projects such as dams, railways, and canals. Examples of well-publicized construction projects at the time are the completion in June 1930 of a huge tractor factory in Stalingrad and the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station.[2]: 114
The increased number of projects meant an increased demand for workers, and as a result the Soviet state did not experience any unemployment during the Great Break.[2]: 115
References
edit- ^ Viola, Lynne (1996). Peasant rebels under Stalin : collectivization and the culture of peasant resistance. New York, New York. ISBN 978-0-19-535132-3. OCLC 1110702095.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Marples, David R. (2014), "The Period of Change: Collectivization, Industrialization, and the Great Purge, 1929-1940", Motherland, Routledge, pp. 98–127, doi:10.4324/9781315837437-4, ISBN 978-1-315-83743-7, retrieved 2021-03-25
- ^ a b c Suny, Ronald Grigor (2011). The Soviet experiment : Russia, the USSR, and the successor states (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 174, 236, 253, 276, 306. ISBN 978-0-19-534055-6. OCLC 423388554.
- ^ a b c d e Sanchez-Sibony, Oscar (2014). "Depression Stalinism: The Great Break Reconsidered". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 15 (1): 23–49. doi:10.1353/kri.2014.0007. ISSN 1538-5000. S2CID 154477765.
- ^ Dohan, Michael R. (1976). "The Economic Origins of Soviet Autarky 1927/28-1934". Slavic Review. 35 (4): 603–635. doi:10.2307/2495654. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2495654.
- ^ Tottle, Douglas (1987), Fraud, Famine and Fascism: The Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard, Progress Books, ISBN 9780919396517, retrieved 2022-06-09