The glenoid fossa of the scapula or the glenoid cavity is a bone part of the shoulder. The word glenoid is pronounced /ˈɡliːnɔɪd/ or /ˈɡlɛnɔɪd/ (both are common) and is from Greek: gléne, "socket", reflecting the shoulder joint's ball-and-socket form.[1] It is a shallow, pyriform articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. It is directed laterally and forward and articulates with the head of the humerus; it is broader below than above and its vertical diameter is the longest.
| Glenoid fossa | |
|---|---|
 Costal surface of left scapula. Glenoid cavity shown in red. | |
 | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | cavitas glenoidalis, fossa glenoidalis |
| MeSH | D061165 |
| TA98 | A02.4.01.019 |
| TA2 | 1162 |
| FMA | 23275 |
| Anatomical terms of bone | |
This cavity forms the glenohumeral joint along with the humerus. This type of joint is classified as a synovial, ball and socket joint. The humerus is held in place within the glenoid cavity by means of the long head of the biceps tendon. This tendon originates on the superior margin of the glenoid cavity and loops over the shoulder, bracing humerus against the cavity. The rotator cuff also reinforces this joint more specifically with the supraspinatus tendon to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.
The cavity surface is covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and its margins, slightly raised, give attachment to a fibrocartilaginous structure, the glenoid labrum, which deepens the cavity. This cartilage is very susceptible to tearing. When torn, it is most commonly known as a SLAP lesion which is generally caused by repetitive shoulder movements.
Compared to the acetabulum (at the hip-joint) the glenoid cavity is relatively shallow. This makes the shoulder joint prone to dislocation (luxation). Strong glenohumeral ligaments and muscles prevents dislocation in most cases.
By being so shallow the glenoid cavity allows the shoulder joint to have the greatest mobility of all joints in the body, allowing 120 degrees of unassisted flexion. Additional range of motion in shoulder flexion (typically up to 180 degrees in humans) is also accomplished by the great mobility of the scapula (shoulder blade) through a process known as scapulohumeral rhythm.[2]
Evolution
editInterpretations of the fossil remains of Australopithecus africanus (STS 7) and A. afarensis (AL 288-1; a.k.a. Lucy) suggest that the glenoid fossa was oriented more cranially in these species than in modern humans. This reflects the importance of overhead limb postures and suggests a retention of arboreal adaptations in these hominoid primates, whereas the lateral orientation of the glenoid in modern humans reflects the typical lowered position of the arm. [3]
In dinosaurs
editIn dinosaurs the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula (shoulder blade) and the coracoid, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle. The place on the scapula where it articulated with the humerus (upper bone of the forelimb) is called the glenoid. The glenoid is important because it defines the range of motion of the humerus.[4]
Additional images
edit-
Left scapula. Glenoid cavity shown in red.
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Animation. Glenoid cavity shown in red.
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Glenoid fossa of right side.
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Anterior view of left scapula showing glenoid cavity "2"
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Animation of shoulder joint. The muscles shown are subscapularis muscle (at right), infraspinatus muscle (at top left), teres minor muscle (at bottom left).
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Animation of glenohumeral joint. The muscle shown is supraspinatus muscle.
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ Al-Redouan, Azzat; Kachlik, David (2022). "Scapula revisited: new features identified and denoted by terms using consensus method of Delphi and taxonomy panel to be implemented in radiologic and surgical practice". J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 31 (2): e68-e81. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2021.07.020. PMID 34454038.
- ^ "Scapulohumeral Rhythm - Physiopedia, universal access to physiotherapy knowledge". www.physio-pedia.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ Larson 2009, p. 65
- ^ Martin, A.J. (2006). Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs. Second Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. pg. 299-300. ISBN 1-4051-3413-5.
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 207 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
References
edit- Larson, Susan G. (2009). "Evolution of the Hominin Shoulder: Early Homo". In Grine, Frederick E.; Fleagle, John G.; Leakey, Richard E. (eds.). The First Humans – Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9980-9. ISBN 978-1-4020-9979-3.
- ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: THE UNITY OF FORM AND FUNCTION, SIXTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Written by Kenneth Saladin
- "Glenoid Labrum Tear". ucsfhealth.org. Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
External links
edit- Diagram at cerrocoso.edu
- Anatomy figure: 03:02-07 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
- Mechanics of Glenohumeral Instability at University of Washington Department of Orthopaedics