Texas Germans (German: Texas-Deutsche) are descendants of Germans who settled in Texas since the 1830s. The arriving Germans tended to cluster in ethnic enclaves; the majority settled in a broad, fragmented belt across the south-central part of the state, where many became farmers.[1] As of 1990, about three million Texans considered themselves German in ancestry.[2]
 The flag of Texas. | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Texas | |
| Languages | |
| Texas German, Texas English | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Missouri Rhinelanders, Louisiana Creoles, Pennsylvania Dutch, German Americans |
History
editEmigration in force began during the period of the Republic of Texas (1836–1846) following the establishment in 1842 of the Adelsverein (Verein zum Schutze deutscher Einwanderer, Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas) by a group of Germans dedicated to colonizing Texas.[2]
The Adelsverein helped establish German colonies throughout the state, including purchasing the Fisher–Miller Land Grant, some 5,000 square miles between the Colorado and Llano Rivers. In 1847, John O. Meusebach, acting as commissioner of the Adelsverein, negotiated the Meusebach–Comanche Treaty to settle German colonists on the land grant.[3] It remains the only unbroken treaty between European-American colonists and Native Americans.[4]
A large portion of the early settlers following statehood were Forty-Eighters, emigres from the Revolutions of 1848, who dispersed into areas of Central Texas.[5] After generations, German Texans spoke what became known as Texas German (German: Texasdeutsch), a German language dialect that was tied to the historic period of highest immigration. In Germany, the language developed differently from how it did among the relatively isolated ethnic colonies in the US. The dialect has largely died out since the First and Second World Wars, as have many other US German dialects.
Texas Germans were strong abolitionists during the 1850s. In the American Civil War, they opposed martial law and military conscription, and were made victims at the Nueces massacre. After Reconstruction, Texas Germans lived in relative obscurity as teachers, doctors, civil servants, politicians, musicians, farmers, and ranchers.[5] They founded the towns of Bulverde, New Braunfels, Fredericksburg, Boerne, and Comfort in the Texas Hill Country, and Schulenburg, Walburg, and Weimar to the east.
German-American cultural institutions in Texas include the Sophienburg Museum in New Braunfels, the Pioneer Museum in Fredericksburg,[6] the Witte-Schmid Haus Museum in Austin County,[7] the German-Texan Heritage Society,[8] and the Texas German Society.[9]
Black Texas Germans
editTexas Germans engaged with Black people economically and socially in the 1800s. Black Texans interacted much easier with Texas Germans than with Anglo-Texans; Black Freedom colonies shared economic ties with Texas German communities, and maintained cordial relationships.[10]
After the Civil War, reports indicate Black Texas German communities in every county of the German belt, also known as the Texas German Country, running from Houston to the Hills Region.[11][12] For Black Texans, speaking Texas German was a means of social mimicry and protection.[10]
Doris Williams, an African American in Bastrop County, recalls:
"We lived near Smithville Texas with my grandparents, and they always referred to people as Dutch... the thing that fascinated me most about them was that they never said anything negative about German people... you know, they would say 'Oh, he's German, you know that German family.' But they never said anything bad about them, and I felt that was unique, because they did say bad things about other people, but not about the Germans."[10]
Black Texans and Texas Germans had a strong political bond, and supported the same political parties. This bond became increasingly crucial, especially during the height of anti-German sentiment in the 1920s when the Ku Klux Klan began persecuting Texas Germans, seeking to eliminate the Texas German ethnicity in Texas. The Black-German alliance gave Black and German communities mutual protection.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Germans from the Handbook of Texas Online
- ^ a b "William Eberling – German Texan". Texas State Cemetery. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
- ^ Tetzlaff, Otto W. (December 8, 2020). "Meusebach-Comanche Treaty". Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ Dasso, Tim (4 October 2016). "The Unbroken Peace Treaty". True West Magazine. Archived from the original on 2016-10-06.
- ^ a b Forty-Eighters from the Handbook of Texas Online
- ^ "German Texans: Curriculum for Students" (PDF). Institute of Texan Cultures. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-10.
- ^ "Witte-Schmid Haus Museum, "Das Haus"". Texas German Society. Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
- ^ "GermanTexas.org – Promoting Awareness and Preservation of the German Cultural Heritage of Texas". www.germantexans.org.
- ^ "Welcome to the Texas German Society Website". texasgermansociety.com.
- ^ a b c d Hünlich, David (Summer 2021). "Relations between African and German Americans and Black German Speakers in Texas" (PDF). Friends Newsletter. Vol. 30, no. 3. Max Kade Institute. pp. 4–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-23.
- ^ Robb Walsh (2016). Legends of Texas Barbecue Cookbook: Recipes and Recollections from the Pitmasters. Chronicle Books. p. 119.
- ^ John D. Zug; Karin Gottier (1991). German-American Life: Recipes and Traditions. Penfield Press. p. 58.
Further reading
edit- Biesele, Rudolph Leopold (1987). The History of the German Settlements in Texas, 1831 - 1861. Austin, Tex: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-1-57168-236-9. OCLC 950973810.
- Jordan, Terry G. (October 1969). "The German Settlement of Texas after 1865". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 73 (2): 193–212. ISSN 0038-478X. OCLC 9973024504.
- Jordan, Terry G. (1994). German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292727076. OCLC 925060333.
- Lich, Glen E. (1996). German Texans (Revised ed.). San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures. OCLC 1128281376.
- Lonn, Ella (2002). Foreigners in the Confederacy. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5400-6. OCLC 918253438.
- German Texans. Texians and the Texans. San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures. 2001. OCLC 813001512.
External links
edit- German-Texan Heritage Society
- Texas German Society
- Wanderlust: From German to Texan, exhibit at the Witte Museum
- "German Texans: Curriculum for Students" (PDF).
- Germanic studies, University of Texas at Austin
- Austin Genealogical Society
- German Texan Families
- German immigration to Texas materials, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
- How Luckenbach, Texas Got Its Name