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Kettering University

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Kettering University is a private university in Flint, Michigan. It offers bachelor of science and master’s degrees in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) and business. Kettering University undergraduate students must complete at least five co-op terms to graduate.[4]

Kettering University
Former name
General Motors Institute of Technology
TypePrivate university
Established1919; 105 years ago (1919)[1]
EndowmentUS$110 million (2021)
PresidentRobert McMahan[2]
ProvostJames Zhang
Academic staff
145
Students2,327[3]
Undergraduates1,905[3]
Postgraduates422[3]
Location
Flint
,
Michigan
,
United States

43°00′45″N 83°42′45″W / 43.0125°N 83.7125°W / 43.0125; -83.7125
CampusUrban
ColorsGold and Blue
   
NicknameBulldogs
MascotGeneral Determination
Websitewww.kettering.edu

Kettering University is named after inventor and former head of research for General Motors, Charles F. Kettering. He was a distinguished inventor, researcher, and proponent of cooperative education.[5]

History

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Kettering University
Presidents
Robert McMahan

Founded as The School of Automotive Trades by Albert Sobey under the direction of the Industrial Fellowship of Flint on October 20, 1919, Kettering University has a long legacy in the automotive industry. The university became known as the Flint Institute of Technology in 1923 before being acquired by General Motors in 1926. It was renamed as the General Motors Institute of Technology and eventually the General Motors Institute in 1932.[2][6]

Once referred to as the "West Point of the Automobile industry,"[7] GMI focused on a cooperative education model that combined classroom learning with real-world job experience [8] (following the development of this program at the University of Cincinnati in 1907).[citation needed] GMI also pioneered freshman-level manufacturing courses (Production Processes I & II) and automotive degree specialties. In 1945, the Institute added a fifth-year thesis requirement, granting the school the ability to award degrees. The school's first bachelor's degree was subsequently awarded on August 23, 1946.[2]

During the 1950s, the co-op program required applicants to find a GM division to sponsor them. School and work were mixed in four- or eight-week rotations, dividing the student body into four sections: two (A and B) for the four-week rotations and two (C and D) for the eight-week rotations. At any given time, when section A was in school, section B was at work. Every four weeks, this situation reversed. Sections C and D were scheduled similarly on an eight-week basis. With the 4-week and 8-week rotations, students shifted between school and work twelve or six times yearly during their 48-week year. Because General Motors used the school to train its engineers, they partially subsidized tuition. In June 1979 (the Class of 1984), the school expanded co-op rotations to twelve weeks.

Split from GM

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After GM reduced operations in Flint, the company and the university separated on July 1, 1982. The institution became "GMI Engineering & Management Institute," keeping the initials "GMI" to maintain its connection with the old General Motors Institute. The university began charging full tuition as an independent private university. The university kept the cooperative education model, expanding the number of co-op employers for students. The university also began offering graduate programs for both on- and off-campus students.[2]

Name change and expansion of programs

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The university's name was formally changed to Kettering University on January 1, 1998, in honor of Charles Kettering.[9] The name change allowed the university to establish a separate identity from General Motors and to publicize their expansion of academic programs beyond automotive-related offerings.

The university launched a physics program in 1995 and the first ABET-accredited applied physics program in the world in 2013.[10] A chemical engineering program as well as a pre-med course of study were launched in 2008.[11] The chemical engineering program received ABET accreditation in 2013.[12] The computer science program received ABET accreditation in 2007.[13] The university added an applied biology program in 2013.[14]

Academics

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Kettering University offers Bachelor of Science (BS) and masters (MS, MBA, MBA/MSMO dual) degree programs.[15] Some masters programs are available online following the school's launched of distance education programs in 2015. Most undergraduate programs require completion of 160 credit hours for graduation.[citation needed] Its most popular undergraduate majors, by 2021 graduates, were:[16]

Mechanical Engineering (233)
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (44)
Computer Science (42)
Computer Engineering (26)
Industrial Engineering (24)
Chemical Engineering (23)

Accreditation

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Kettering University has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1962.[17] Several of the university's academic programs have specific accreditation as well:

Program-specific accreditations
Program Accreditor Initial

accreditation

Applied Physics ABET[18] 2011
Business Administration ACBSP[19] 1995
Chemical Engineering ABET[18] 2011
Computer Engineering ABET[18] 1998
Computer Science ABET[18] 2007
Electrical Engineering ABET[18] 1977
Engineering Physics ABET[18] 2011
Industrial Engineering ABET[18] 1977
Mechanical Engineering ABET[18] 1977

Rankings

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Academic rankings
Master's
Washington Monthly[20]228
Regional
U.S. News & World Report[21]26
National
Forbes[22]320
WSJ/College Pulse[23]389

Kettering University ranked 13th nationally among non-Ph.D.-granting engineering universities and seventh nationally among mechanical engineering programs in the 2017 U.S. News & World Report "Best Colleges" edition.[24] The university also received a "Best in the Midwest" designation from the Princeton Review.[25]

Kettering ranked 12th nationally and first in the Midwest and Michigan in Return on Investment in PayScale.com's 2015 Return on Investment Rankings.[26] PayScale.com also ranked Kettering 15th nationally and first in Michigan in its 2014 Salary Potential rankings.[27] A 2015 CNNMoney.com article examining the top private colleges in the country in return on investment ranked Kettering 10th, noting that Kettering's students graduated with skills employers were looking for.[28]

An article in the 2014 issue of Automobile magazine listed Kettering University among five top universities for students aiming to enter the auto industry.[29] The article noted Kettering University's unique program, which prepares students for work and immerses them in it—alternating three months of school with three months of on-the-job experience, repeated until graduation.

Kettering University was ranked 137th on Business Insider's 2014 list of "The 600 Smartest Colleges in America."[30]

Research

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National Science Foundation Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) grants have allowed Kettering to add equipment that includes an X-Ray diffractometer,[31] an X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) instrument,[32] a motion capture system,[33] a High-Throughput and High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Tissue Scanner with Internet-Connected 3D Virtual Microscope for Large-Scale Automated Histology,[34] and - at the time - the only 4G LTE Wireless system on a college campus in the country.[35] Kettering University partners with the federal government's U.S. Ignite program, which brings super high-speed internet capabilities to Flint, Michigan. The technology will bring Flint new healthcare, crime prevention, and educational opportunities.[36] Also, in partnership with the University of Michigan and Michigan State University, Kettering University received a $1 million neighborhood stabilization grant from the United States Department of Justice in 2014.[37]

FIRST Robotics

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Kettering University opened the FIRST Robotics Competition Community Center in 2014. College officials said it was the first integration of a robotics center into a college campus in the country. Michigan Governor Rick Snyder attended the grand opening.[38]

The facility provides work areas for eight FIRST teams, with space to accommodate up to 16 teams. There is also a regulation-size practice field and a machining lab. High school students on teams housed in the facility have access to Kettering University's faculty, staff, and students as mentors and the campus facilities.[39] Approximately 25 percent of Kettering University's student body participated in FIRST Robotics in high school.[39] The facility intends to create more opportunities for pre-college students, particularly students from underserved or financially disadvantaged populations, to gain exposure to science and engineering education and career possibilities.[39] Kettering University also received a National Science Foundation grant in 2014 to provide scholarship to academically talented financially disadvantaged students who participated in high school robotics programs.[40]

Cooperative and experiential learning

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All Kettering University undergraduate students must complete some form of experiential learning for every degree program. Cooperative education begins as early as a student's freshman year. Student schedules typically alternate between academic terms that include classes and labs and full-time employment with one of Kettering's more than 550 partner organizations. Usually, a student maintains employment with the same organization throughout the program.[41]

Cooperative experience is paid, with freshman students earning an average of $14.20 per hour on their co-op terms and upperclassmen earning an average of $18.44 per hour.[41] Ninety-eight percent of Kettering University graduates are employed or accepted into graduate school within six months of graduation.[42]

Campus

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Map 
 
200m
220yds
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Selected locations on Kettering University campus
1
Academic Building
2
Campus Center
3
C.S. Mott Science & Engineering Building
4
Frances Willson Thompson Hall
5
Connie & Jim John Recreation Center
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McKeachie Pavilion
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Recreation Fields
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GM Mobility Research Center
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Campus Village Apartments
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Flint Children's Museum
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Innovation Center
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Atwood Stadium
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Learning Commons

Kettering University's campus is situated on approximately 90 acres of land along the Flint River on the west side of Flint. In 2012, Kettering began purchasing distressed properties from the Genesee County Land Bank as part of its mission to play a leading role in the revitalization of Flint. The university demolished blighted structures and took over maintenance, mowing, and upkeep of the properties.[43]

Kettering has received neighborhood stabilization grants from the Department of Justice[44] and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[45] These grants aimed to support the revitalization of neighborhoods near campus and establish a safe University Avenue Corridor (UAC), a walkable connector from Kettering's campus to downtown Flint, the University of Michigan–Flint campus, McLaren Regional Medical Center, and Hurley Medical Center.[46]

Campus Master Plan

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In 2014, Kettering University unveiled a new Campus Master Plan.[47]

The plan's first phase of the master plan involved constructing a new mixed-use Learning Commons building to house some academic department functions, a modern library, new food service venues and options, and other resources, including increased access to flexible, technology-enabled, collaborative spaces. The building had space for visiting alums and other campus guests, integrating them into the campus community for the entirety of their visit.[48] The $63 million learning commons facility opened in 2022.[49]

Other phases of the campus master plan include the construction of a new residence hall, new research facilities, and a raised connector across Chevrolet Avenue that pays homage to a bridge that existed when the property was home to the General Motors Chevrolet Division. Additionally, the campus plan aimed to open the campus to better accommodate pre-college students by redeveloping the Academic Building with increased lab and community space.[48]

Kettering University General Motors Mobility Research Center

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In April 2015, Kettering University announced a $2 million naming donation from the General Motors Foundation to construct the Kettering University General Motors Foundation Automotive Research Area.[50] The facility was conceived to be an automotive proving ground on a piece of campus that is the former site of the Chevrolet Division, or Chevy in the Hole.[51] The cost for the project was $4.5 million, and it included construction of the research area on a 19-acre proving ground and an 18-acre brownfield site.[51][52]

Eventually donning the name GM Mobility Research Center (MRC), the center was completed before 2023 and includes a 21-acre outdoor lab space. The outdoor lab has various areas for testing vehicle safety standards as well as hybrid and electric vehicle technologies.[53] The MRC provides additional classroom and lab experiences for students and expands research opportunities for faculty and industry partners.[51][54] At the time of its completion, it is the only facility of its kind on a college campus in the United States.[53]

The project complements a major city of Flint project on the opposite side of the Flint River called Chevy Commons.[55] The project converted a Flint-owned portion of Chevy in the Hole into an urban park that includes wetlands, woodlands, grasslands, green spaces, and paved recreation trails.[55]

Academic Building

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Kettering University's Academic Building was the first building constructed on campus[56] and features a prominent arched architectural entrance at the corner of N. Chevrolet Avenue and University Avenue. This front entrance is constructed with stonework and bears the insignia "General Motors Institute of Technology" in stone at the top of the archway.[citation needed] This entrance is featured in Kettering University's seal.[57]

The building currently includes several labs, including a polymer processing lab, an ergonomics lab, a work design Lab, applied biology labs, chemical engineering labs, an advanced power electronics lab, a haptics lab, an acoustics lab, and many other lab spaces. The building also houses McKinnon Theater, the Humanities Art Center, a library, and departmental offices.[57]

Campus Center

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The Campus Center is Kettering University's main administration building. It includes the Office of the President, Student Life, Admissions and Financial Aid, University Advancement and External Relations, Alumni Engagement, Multicultural Student Initiatives, and Sponsored Research.

In addition, the Campus Center houses three food service areas and a student center.[58] Kettering's Campus Safety headquarters are also in the Campus Center. The Lear Corporation funded upgrades for the safety center, which included increased security enforcement and a close-circuit television surveillance system connected to feeds from security cameras throughout the campus.[59]

The Campus Center also provides community space, including facilities for the Michigan Small Business Development Center I-69 Trade Corridor Regional Office, which supports local and regional businesses across multiple counties in Michigan,[60] and classrooms for Oxford Virtual Academy.[61]

C.S. Mott Science and Engineering Building

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C.S. Mott Engineering and Science Center

The C.S. Mott Science and Engineering Building opened in 2003 and houses departmental offices as well as classroom space for Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry. The building includes several labs, including a powertrain lab, Kettering University's Crash Safety Center, a fuel cell lab, bioengineering labs, and other core science and engineering labs for students.[62] The building also houses T-Space, a student-driven lab with activities encouraging an entrepreneurial mindset and access to tools such as 3D printing, laser cutting, and soldering for making electric and mechanical prototypes.[63]

Frances Willson Thompson Hall

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Frances Willson Thompson Hall

Kettering University's residence hall is the sole on-campus student housing facility. All students are required to live in the residence hall during their freshman year.[64]

All rooms in the building are single, air-conditioned rooms. Residents share community bathrooms located at the intersections of each hallway. The building also includes lounge areas, a community kitchen, laundry machines, a game room, and computer labs. Gaming consoles and other materials are available to check out in the facility, and the residence life staff creates several programs throughout the year for students living in the dorms.[64]

Many students have created murals in the hallways of Thompson Hall, creating a living history of the many tenants in the buildings since it opened.[65]

Connie and Jim John Recreation Center

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Kettering's recreation center opened in 1995 and includes a 25-yard pool, indoor track, tennis, basketball, and racquetball courts, free weights, exercise equipment, an aerobics room, and meeting rooms.[66]

Kettering University's commencement ceremonies are typically hosted in the recreation center. The facility has also hosted President Barack Obama during a 2008 campaign stop[67] and Mitt Romney during the 2012 presidential campaign.[68] King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden visited campus and spoke in the recreation center in 2008[69] Former Michigan State basketball star Mateen Cleaves hosted a basketball camp at the facility in 2014.[70]

Learning Commons

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The Learning Commons in January 2023

Completed in 2022 and featuring an open-air atrium at its center, the Learning Commons building is home to a new cafeteria, coffee shop, auditorium, IT service desks, outdoor terraces, rooftop gardens, and over a dozen multi-use spaces for students to use to study and collaborate.[71] The building is linked to the older Campus Center by a climate-controlled traverse, in which an art gallery resides that can be fitted with exhibits and displays.

Innovation Center

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The Innovation Center on Bluff Street at Kettering University

The Innovation Center at Kettering University, a 9,000-square-foot incubator for entrepreneurs, opened in 2010. The Innovation Center was the first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified building in Genesee County.[72]

Atwood Stadium

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Kettering University acquired Atwood Stadium, an 11,000-seat stadium that was previously designated a city park, from the city of Flint in 2013.[73]

The stadium, which opened in 1929, has hosted many sporting events, concerts, political rallies, and other community events. President John F. Kennedy appeared there, and many successful athletes from Flint began their careers there, such as All American Lynn Chandnois of Michigan State, Leroy Bolden, Tony Branoff, Heisman Trophy winner Mark Ingram II, and Olympic Gold Medalist Claressa Shields.[citation needed]

Kettering has made major repairs to the stadium, including fixing masonry work, restrooms, concessions areas, locker rooms, and lighting. in 2015, Kettering University replaced the turf in the stadium with a state-of-the-art field turf, making Atwood one of only three venues in the state of Michigan (the others are Ford Field and Michigan Stadium) with this field surface. With the replacement of the field surface, the field was expanded and lined to support NCAA/MLS soccer and men's and women's lacrosse play in addition to football.[74]

Kettering University has constructed temporary ice rinks in the stadium and offered free open ice skating in the winters of 2014 and 2015.[75]

Flint Children's Museum

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The Flint Children's Museum, located on the campus of Kettering University, offers hands-on experiences for children ages two to ten. The museum features rotating exhibits that change every three months. Exhibit themes include How Things Work, Performing Arts, Health and Fitness, Our Town, and Discovery Zone.[76]

The museum also features an outdoor educational area called Sproutside. The learning area was constructed in 2007 with support from the Ruth Mott Foundation and the Community Foundation of Greater Flint.[77]

Student life

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Nearly half of Kettering University's student body lives in the university's residence hall or in the Campus Village Apartments complex adjacent to campus. Many others live near campus in fraternity and sorority housing or private rentals, making the university's campus community close-knit.[78] A variety of activities and organizations give students plenty of social outlets on and near campus.[79]

Kettering LEADERS Fellowship

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In 1999, 31 graduating seniors committed to donating $10,000 each over 10 years to build up an endowment dedicated to student leadership development at Kettering University.[80] Since then, the endowment has grown to over $450,000. The selective program is now known as the Kettering LEADERS Fellowship.[81]

Service Saturdays

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Kettering University students participate in monthly Service Saturdays, completing a variety of service projects in partnership with community organizations in the city of Flint.[82] In 2014, 392 students volunteered and served more than 1,200 combined hours.[83]

SAE Competition Teams

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Kettering University competes in the Society of Automotive Engineering’s Collegiate Design Series by building competition vehicles to compete in the Baja SAE, Formula SAE, SAE Aero Design, and SAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge competitions. In 2018, Kettering University began competing in the SAE AutoDrive Challenge, in which students convert a Chevrolet Bolt vehicle into a SAE level 4 autonomous vehicle by the 3rd year of competition.

Each year, students design and build vehicles for national and international competitions. In 2015, Kettering's Clean Snowmobile Challenge team finished in the top two at its international competition for the fourth straight year (including a first-place finish in 2014).[84] The Formula SAE team finished fourth out of 100 schools in competition in Brooklyn, Michigan in 2022.[85] Previously, the Formula SAE team finished tenth at its competition in Lincoln, Nebraska in 2014, following a seventh-place finish in 2013.[86]

DECA

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Kettering University has a collegiate DECA team. Collegiate DECA helps students develop as business leaders by participating in competitions that promote career awareness, civic consciousness, social intelligence, and leadership. Competitions include activities in business, design, entrepreneurship, finance, accounting, foodservice, hospitality, information technology, management, marketing, and sales, among other areas.[87]

Kettering students won 13 awards at a state of Michigan competition in 2015 and three awards at the international conference in Washington D.C. in 2014.[88]

Model United Nations

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Kettering University has a student Model United Nations (MUN) team. MUN teams feature students that roleplay as United Nations delegates and simulate United Nations committees at conferences or competitions.[89]

Kettering University's team, which was formed in 2010, won its first-ever prize at an international competition at Model United Nations in the United States in November 2014[90] and won prizes at Harvard University in 2015 as well.[91]

Greek life

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Greek Life on the Kettering/GMI campus began in 1921. The first officially recognized organization was not formed until 5 years later as the White Elephants.[92] Several other local fraternities would appear on campus during the following years. However, because during this time GMI was not accredited, no national/international recognized fraternities appeared on campus. When GMI did receive accreditation in 1962, the university would require all local fraternities to join a national/international fraternity. Many of the current fraternities on campus came from that transition.[92] Currently, Kettering University has an active Greek system, which is recognized as an excellent source of service opportunities and leadership training. More than 40 percent of the student body is currently involved in a fraternity or sorority.[93]

Many North American Interfraternity Conference (IFC) fraternities have chapters at Kettering as do several National Panhellenic Conference (NPC) sororities. The National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) has several local chapters that are also affiliated with Kettering. IFC, NPC, and NPHC each have a school-wide council with representatives from each member organization. These councils are designed to facilitate communication between the different groups, and to facilitate relations with the university on matters such as school-wide events and membership.

Summary of Greek Life on Campus
Organization Chapter Designation Local Founding Date[94] A-Section Members[95][96] B-Section Members[97]
Fraternities
Beta Theta Pi Delta Eta 1953 23 25
Delta Chi Kettering Chapter 1996 30 16
Delta Tau Delta Epsilon Iota March 23, 1963 44 47
Lambda Chi Alpha Lambda Epsilon Zeta[Note 1] May 9, 1964 18 27
Phi Delta Theta Michigan Delta[Note 2] February 13, 1965 20 44
Phi Gamma Delta Alpha Gamma[Note 3] November 7, 1964 21 17
Pi Kappa Alpha Zeta Alpha 1963 31 15
Sigma Alpha Epsilon Michigan Epsilon 1966 21 13
Sigma Chi Zeta Theta 1963 32 56
Sigma Nu Eta Mu[Note 4] May 4, 1963 17 -
Theta Xi Kappa Sigma[Note 5] 1962 17 7
Sororities
Alpha Gamma Delta Zeta Omicron May 3, 1986 - 24
Alpha Sigma Alpha Delta Nu 1973 18 41
Alpha Phi Iota Epsilon September 5, 2000 24 -

Intramural sports

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Kettering University offers intramural sports opportunities to students year-round.[98] Sports offered include basketball, flag football, softball, soccer, volleyball, innertube water polo, outdoor broomball, volleyball, racquetball, Wiffleball home run derby, and more. The campus includes indoor basketball, tennis, and racquetball courts, a swimming pool, an indoor track, an outdoor track, softball and soccer fields, a sand volleyball court, and Atwood Stadium.

Student media

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The low-power radio station WKUF-LP (94.3 FM) is run by Kettering University students and staff. It was founded in November 2004 and features music from several genres and talk programs from a variety of hosts.[99]

Kettering University also has a student-run newspaper called The Technician. A print edition is published three times per term and an online edition is also published.[100]

Notable alumni

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Main article: List of Kettering University people

Kettering University has approximately 25,000 alumni. Kettering University graduates have the highest starting salary and salary potential of any university in Michigan, according to PayScale.com in 2017.[101] In 2015, Kettering was listed 12th in the nation in return-on-investment by Payscale.com[102] and 10th in the nation of all private universities and colleges by CNNMoney.com.[103]

Kettering University graduates have attained prominent positions in a wide range of industries. Mary Barra, CEO of General Motors, is a 1985 Kettering University graduate. During her commencement speech at the university in 2013, Barra noted that her education at Kettering played a key role in her career. She stated, "the practical, real-world experience that a Kettering education provides is as practical today as it was 30 years ago."[104] Barra and former General Motors President Edward Nicholas Cole, a 1933 Kettering University graduate, give Kettering two graduates who have appeared on the cover of Time.[105]

Raj Nair, the Ex Group Vice President of Ford Motor Company Engineering, is a 1987 Kettering graduate. Nair received a reader's choice award for Fortune magazine's Businessperson of the Year in the autos category in 2014.[106]

Bob Kagle, a 1978 graduate, is one of the most successful venture capitalists in Silicon Valley history and was an early investor in eBay and Instagram. Kagle has been a longtime supporter of Kettering University, including launching a mentoring program for youth in the Flint community[107] and supporting an endowment for research co-op positions for students majoring in biology, chemistry and biochemistry, and chemical engineering.[108]

Karenann Terrell, a 1986 graduate, is the Chief Information Officer for Walmart.[109] Paul Bascobert, a 1987 graduate, is the president of Bloomberg Businessweek.[110] Rhonda Winter, a 1983 graduate, is the Chief Information Officer for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. David Kenny, a 1984 graduate, is the CEO of The Weather Channel. Matt Borland, a 1994 graduate, is the former crew chief for NASCAR driver Ryan Newman.[111] Gene Stefanyshyn, a 1981 graduate, is Vice President of Innovation and Racing Development for NASCAR.[112] Henry Juszkiewicz, a 1976 graduate, is the chairman and CEO of Gibson Guitar Corporation.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Formerly a chapter of the local Gilgal Fraternity.
  2. ^ Formerly a local fraternity known as Alpha Delta
  3. ^ Formerly Delta chapter (local) of a fraternity known as Alpha Gamma Upsilon.
  4. ^ Formerly a local fraternity known as Delta Chi Rho
  5. ^ Formerly a chapter of Kappa Sigma Kappa

References

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  2. ^ "New president named". Kettering.edu. 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  3. ^ a b c As of May 2017 "Class Profile 2016-2017" (PDF). 2017-05-16.
  4. ^ "Undergraduate Graduation Requirements and Information - Kettering University". Kettering.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-11-27. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
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  8. ^ Hinterman, Peter (2019-08-01). "100 Years of Kettering University A Brief History". My City Magazine. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
  9. ^ "Charles Kettering biography". Archived from the original on May 22, 2008.
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  25. ^ "Princeton Review Best Colleges". Princetonreview.com. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
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  37. ^ Johnson, Jiquanda (8 October 2014). "New crime fighting grant aims to stabilize Flint corridor". MLive.com. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  38. ^ "Gov. Snyder helps unveil one of a kind robotics center". MLive.com. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  39. ^ a b c "Snyder helps Kettering open FIRST Center - Kettering University". Kettering.edu. 2014-09-22. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
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