‑eaux is the standard French language plural form of nouns ending in ‑eau, e.g. eau → eaux, château → châteaux, gâteau → gâteaux.
In the United States, it often occurs as the ending of Cajun surnames, as well as a replacement for the long "O" (/oʊ/) sound in some English words as a marker of Cajun, or more broadly Louisiana, identity.[1]
French Louisiana surnames
editCompared to spelling conventions elsewhere in the French-speaking world, ‑eaux is an extremely common ending for Cajun and Creole surnames that end in the long "O" sound ([o]), e.g., Arceneaux, Babineaux, Boudreaux, Breaux, Comeaux, Desormeaux, Marceaux, Meaux, Primeaux, Robicheaux, Simoneaux, Thibodeaux, etc. While the same surnames in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada are generally spelled without a terminal x,[2] only relatively few Louisiana surnames make use of alternate representations of this sound, such as Billeaud, Guilbeau, Rougeau, Soileau, and Thériot, with many of these latter names indeed spelled with a final ‑eaux by some families.
Although there is debate about the exact emergence of the ‑eaux spelling in Louisiana, it has been claimed that the spelling originated in the 18th and 19th centuries when French Louisianians, for the most part illiterate and supposedly unable to sign their own name, often resorted to making an X mark at the end of their printed name in order to sign legal documents. Because many Cajun and Creole surnames of French origin already ended in ‑eau, these names' endings eventually became standardized as ‑eaux.[3]
This claim has been disputed by the historian Carl Brasseaux, who insists that the ‑eaux ending was one of many possible ways to standardize Louisiana surnames ending in an [o] sound. Brasseaux credits St. Martin Parish Judge Pierre Paul Briant for standardizing the ‑eaux spelling of these names during his oversight of the 1820 U.S. Census.[3] In addition, the counts of Pontchartrain and Maurepas spelled their surname "Phélypeaux," among others, indicating a precedence for the x spelling in at least some parts of France.[4]
English-language use in Louisiana
edit
The use of ‑eaux as a replacement for /oʊ/ in English-language contexts can be considered a salient feature of English usage in Louisiana.[5] It is used in Louisiana as a marker of Cajun (or more broadly Louisiana) heritage, particularly at collegiate and professional sporting events, typified as "Geaux Tigers", "Geaux Cajuns", or "Geaux Saints" being pronounced as "Go Tigers", "Go Cajuns", and "Go Saints". Louisiana State University trademarked the phrase "Geaux Tigers" in 2005,[6] and University of Louisiana at Lafayette similarly trademarked "Geaux Cajuns" in 2014.[7]
However, in the French language, a letter "e" or "i" that immediately follows a "g" will cause the "g" to become soft. Therefore the pronunciation of "geaux" is actually [ʒɔ], and not /ɡoʊ/. Preserving the hard g-sound would either require removing the "e" (resulting in gaux) or inserting a silent "u" after "g" (gueaux).[1]
References
edit- ^ a b Dajko, Nathalie (2018). "The Continuing Symbolic Importance of French in Louisiana". Language Variety in the New South: Contemporary Perspectives on Change and Variation. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-1-4696-3881-2. OCLC 1029104648.
- ^ Boudreau, Jacinthe. "Boudreau One-Name Study". Guild of One-Name Studies. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ a b Segura, Chris (August 5, 1999). "Speaker takes mystery out of Cajun x-factor Cajun surnames". American Press. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
- ^ Rule, John C. (1965). "Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain et Maurepas: Reflections on His Life and His Papers". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 6 (4): 365–377. ISSN 0024-6816. JSTOR 4230863.
- ^ Kang, Sang-Gu (December 31, 2021). "Symbolic Use of Language as a Means to Demonstrate Accommodation". Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics. 25 (2): 45–58. doi:10.25256/PAAL.25.2.3. S2CID 245777184.
- ^ Branch, Chris (November 1, 2011). "Postcard From L.S.U.: Geaux? Just Go With It". The New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ "'Geaux Cajuns' earns federal trademark registration". The Daily Advertiser. Lafayette, Louisiana. May 29, 2014. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
External links
edit- Perschall, Matthew (March 30, 2023). "Photo Essay: Excessive 'eaux'?". Reveille. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- "The Rice University Neologisms Database (see: Geaux)".
- "Who Are the Cajuns?". Gumbo2go. Archived from the original on June 17, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2006.