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United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

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The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC, ECLAC or CEPAL[a]) is a United Nations regional commission to encourage economic cooperation. ECLAC includes 46 member States (20 in Latin America, 13 in the Caribbean and 13 from outside the region), and 14 associate members which are various non-independent territories, associated island countries and a commonwealth in the Caribbean. ECLAC publishes statistics covering the countries of the region[2] and makes cooperative agreements with nonprofit institutions.[3] The headquarters of ECLAC is in Santiago, Chile.

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
AbbreviationECLAC
Formation1948; 76 years ago (1948)
TypePrimary Organ - Regional Branch
Legal statusActive
HeadquartersSantiago, Chile
Head
Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs[1]
Parent organization
United Nations Economic and Social Council
WebsiteEnglish Version
Map showing the member states of ECLAC

ECLAC (or UNECLA) was established in 1948 as the UN Economic Commission for Latin America.[4][5] In 1984, a resolution was passed to include the countries of the Caribbean in the name.[6] It reports to the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).

Member States

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The following are all member States of ECLAC:[7]

Associate Members

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The following are all associate members of ECLAC:[7]

Locations

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ECLAC headquarters in Santiago

Executive Secretaries

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Name Country Served
José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs   Costa Rica September 2022 –
Alicia Bárcena Ibarra   Mexico July 2008 – March 2022
José Luis Machinea   Argentina December 2003 – June 2008
José Antonio Ocampo   Colombia January 1998 – August 2003
Gert Rosenthal   Guatemala January 1988 – December 1997
Norberto González   Argentina March 1985 – December 1987
Enrique V. Iglesias   Uruguay April 1972 – February 1985
Carlos Quintana   Mexico January 1967 – March 1972
José Antonio Mayobre   Venezuela August 1963 – December 1966
Raúl Prebisch   Argentina May 1950 – July 1963
Gustavo Martínez Cabañas   Mexico December 1948 – April 1950

In relation to development discourse and dependency theory

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The formation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America was crucial to the beginning of "Big D development". Many economic scholars attribute the founding of ECLA and its policy implementation in Latin America for the subsequent debates on structuralism and dependency theory. Although forming in the post-war period, the historic roots of ECLA trace back to political movement made long before the war had begun.

Before World War II, the perception of economic development in Latin America was formulated primarily from colonial ideology. This perception, combined with the Monroe Doctrine that asserted the United States as the only foreign power that could intervene in Latin American affairs, led to substantial resentment in Latin America. In the eyes of those living in the continent, Latin America was considerably economically strong; most had livable wages and industry was relatively dynamic.[8] This concern of a need for economic restructuring was taken up by the League of Nations and manifested in a document drawn up by Stanley Bruce and presented to the League in 1939. This in turn strongly influenced the creation of the United Nations Economic and Social Committee in 1944. Although it was a largely ineffective policy development initially, the formation of ECLA proved to have profound effects in Latin America in following decades. For example, by 1955, Peru was receiving $28.5 million in loans per ECLA request.[9] Most of these loans were utilized as means to finance foreign exchange costs, creating more jobs and heightening export trade. To investigate the extent to which this aid was supporting industrial development plans in Peru, ECLA was sent in to study its economic structure. In order to maintain stronghold over future developmental initiatives, ECLA and its branches continued providing financial support to Peru to assist in the country's general development.[8]

The terms of trade at this time, set by the United States, introduced the concept of "unequal exchange" in that the so-called "North" mandated prices that allowed them a greater return on its own resources than that of the "South's". Thus, although the export sector had grown during this time, certain significant economic and social issues continued to threaten this period of so-called stability. Although real income was on the rise, its distribution was still very uneven. Social problems were still overwhelmingly prevalent; large portions of the population were unnourished and without homes, and the education and health system were inept.[8]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Spanish: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe.

References

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  1. ^ "United Nations Secretary-General appoints Mr. José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs of Costa Rica as Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean". un.org. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  2. ^ CEPALSTAT Archived May 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine page at official ECLAC site
  3. ^ ECLAC signed a cooperation agreement to promote science and technology in the region (with Brazilian Center for Strategic Studies and Management) at ECLAC.org
  4. ^ Cypher, James M.; Dietz, James L. (2009). The process of economic development. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77103-0.
  5. ^ Fajardo, Margarita (2023). "CEPAL, the "International Monetary Fund of the Left"?". The American Historical Review. 128 (2): 588–615. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhad226. ISSN 0002-8762.
  6. ^ ABOUT ECLAC at official ECLAC site
  7. ^ a b Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (n.d.). "Date of Admission of Member States (46) and Associate Members (13) of ECLAC" (PDF). Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. United Nations. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Vandendries, Rene (1967). Foreign Trade and the Economic Development of Peru. Iowa State University.
  9. ^ Kofas, Jon (1996). Foreign Debt and Underdevelopment: U.S.-Peru Economic Relations, 1930-1970. Lanham: U of America.

Bibliography

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