Hexamethylenetetramine

Hexamethylenetetramine was discovered by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859.^[6][7] It is prepared industrially by combining formaldehyde and ammonia:^[8]

The molecule behaves like an amine base, undergoing protonation and as a ligand.^[9] N-alkylation with chloroallyl chloride gives quaternium-15).

The dominant use of hexamethylenetetramine is in the production of solid (powder) or liquid phenolic resins and phenolic resin moulding compounds, in which it is added as a hardening component. These products are used as binders, e.g., in brake and clutch linings, abrasives, non-woven textiles, formed parts produced by moulding processes, and fireproof materials.^[8]

The compound is also used medically as a urinary antiseptic and antibacterial medication under the name methenamine or hexamine.^{[4][10][11][12]} It is used as an alternative to antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and is sold under the brand names Hiprex, Urex, and Urotropin, among others.^[4][10][12]

As the mandelic acid salt (methenamine mandelate) or the hippuric acid salt (methenamine hippurate),^[13] it is used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. In an acidic environment, methenamine is believed to act as an antimicrobial by converting to formaldehyde.^[13][14] A systematic review of its use for this purpose in adult women found there was insufficient evidence of benefit and further research was needed.^[15] A UK study showed that methenamine is as effective as daily low-dose antibiotics at preventing UTIs among women who experience recurrent UTIs. As methenamine is an antiseptic, it may avoid the issue of antibiotic resistance.^[16][17]

Methenamine acts as an over-the-counter antiperspirant due to the astringent property of formaldehyde.^[18] Specifically, methenamine is used to minimize perspiration in the sockets of prosthetic devices.^[19]

Methenamine silver stains are used for staining in histology, including the following types:

• Grocott's methenamine silver stain, used widely as a screen for fungal organisms.
• Jones' stain, a methenamine silver-Periodic acid-Schiff that stains for basement membrane, availing to view the "spiked" Glomerular basement membrane associated with membranous glomerulonephritis.

Together with 1,3,5-trioxane, hexamethylenetetramine is a component of hexamine fuel tablets used by campers, hobbyists, the military and relief organizations for heating camping food or military rations. It burns smokelessly, has a high energy density of 30.0 megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg), does not liquify while burning, and leaves no ashes, although its fumes are toxic.^{[citation needed]}

Standardized 0.149 g tablets of methenamine (hexamine) are used by fire-protection laboratories as a clean and reproducible fire source to test the flammability of carpets and rugs.^[20]

Hexamethylenetetramine or hexamine is also used as a food additive as a preservative (INS number 239). It is approved for usage for this purpose in the EU,^[21] where it is listed under E number E239, however it is not approved in the USA, Russia, Australia, or New Zealand.^[22]

Hexamethylenetetramine is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis.^[23] It is used in the Duff reaction (formylation of arenes),^[24] the Sommelet reaction (converting benzyl halides to aldehydes),^[25] and in the Delepine reaction (synthesis of amines from alkyl halides).^[26]

Hexamethylenetetramine is the base component to produce RDX and, consequently, C-4^[8] as well as octogen (a co-product with RDX), hexamine dinitrate, hexamine diperchlorate and HMTD.

Hexamethylenetetramine is also used in pyrotechnics to reduce combustion temperatures and decrease the color intensity of various fireworks.^[27] Because of its ash-free combustion, hexamethylenetetramine is also utilized in indoor fireworks alongside magnesium and lithium salts.^[28][29]

Hexamethylenetetramine was first introduced into the medical setting in 1895 as a urinary antiseptic.^[30] It was officially approved by the FDA for medical use in the United States in 1967.^[31] However, it was only used in cases of acidic urine, whereas boric acid was used to treat urinary tract infections with alkaline urine.^[32] Scientist De Eds found that there was a direct correlation between the acidity of hexamethylenetetramine's environment and the rate of its decomposition.^[33] Therefore, its effectiveness as a drug depended greatly on the acidity of the urine rather than the amount of the drug administered.^[32] In an alkaline environment, hexamethylenetetramine was found to be almost completely inactive.^[32]

Hexamethylenetetramine was also used as a method of treatment for soldiers exposed to phosgene in World War I. Subsequent studies have shown that large doses of hexamethylenetetramine provide some protection if taken before phosgene exposure but none if taken afterwards.^[34]

 

Since 1990 the number of European producers has been declining. The French SNPE factory closed in 1990; in 1993, the production of hexamethylenetetramine in Leuna, Germany ceased; in 1996, the Italian facility of Agrolinz closed down; in 2001, the UK producer Borden closed; in 2006, production at Chemko, Slovak Republic, was closed. Remaining producers include INEOS in Germany, Caldic in the Netherlands, and Hexion in Italy. In the US, Eli Lilly and Company stopped producing methenamine tablets in 2002.^[20] In Australia, Hexamine Tablets for fuel are made by Thales Australia Ltd. In México, Hexamine is produced by Abiya.^{[citation needed]} Many other countries who still produce this include Russia, Saudi Arabia, and China.