Diisopropyl fluorophosphate

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
Clinical data
Other names	Isofluorophate, Isofluorphate, DFP, DIFP, DIPF, Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, EA-1152, PF-3, T-1703, TL-466
ATC code	S01EB07 (WHO) ;
Identifiers
	IUPAC name bis(propan-2-yl) fluorophosphonate;
CAS Number	55-91-4 ;
PubChem CID	5936;
DrugBank	DB00677 ;
ChemSpider	5723 ;
UNII	12UHW9R67N;
KEGG	D00043 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:17941 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1025 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1040667 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.225
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C6H14FO3P
Molar mass	184.147 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Melting point	−82 °C (−116 °F)
Boiling point	183 °C (361 °F) 1013 mbar
	SMILES FP(=O)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C6H14FO3P/c1-5(2)9-11(7,8)10-6(3)4/h5-6H,1-4H3 ; Key:MUCZHBLJLSDCSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	(verify)

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) or Isoflurophate is an oily, colorless liquid with the chemical formula C₆H₁₄FO₃P. It is used in medicine^[1] and as an organophosphorus insecticide.^[2] It is stable, but undergoes hydrolysis when subjected to moisture.

Uses in medicine

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is a parasympathomimetic drug irreversible anti-cholinesterase and has been used in ophthalmology as a miotic agent in treatment of chronic glaucoma, as a miotic in veterinary medicine, and as an experimental agent in neuroscience because of its acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties and ability to induce delayed peripheral neuropathy.^[1]

Uses as toxin

Reaction of the DIFP with a serine protease

The marked toxicity of esters of monofluorophosphoric acid was discovered in 1932, when Willy Lange and his PhD student Gerda von Krueger prepared the methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl esters and incidentally experienced their toxic effects. Another homologue of this series of esters, Diisopropyl fluorophosphate, was developed by British scientist Bernard Charles Saunders. On his search for compounds to be used as chemical warfare agents, Saunders was inspired by the report by Lange and Krueger and decided to prepare the new homologue which he labeled PF-3. It was much less effective as a chemical weapon than the G series agents. It was often mixed with mustard gas, forming a more effective mixture with significantly lower melting point, resulting in an agent suitable for use in cold weather.

Protease-Inhibitor Complex. — Crystal structure of Herpes Simplex Virus Protease/Inhibitor (DFP) complex. The active site serine (yellow) has undergone phosphonylation resulting in irreversible inhibition. Rendered from PDB 1AT3.

In military research, due to its physical and chemical similarities and comparatively low toxicity, it is used as a simulant of G-agents (GA, GB, GD, and GF). Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is used in civilian laboratories to mimic lethal nerve gas exposure or organophosphate toxicities.^[3]^[4]^[5] It has also been used to develop a rodent model of Gulf War Syndrome.^[6]

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is a very potent neurotoxin. Its LD₅₀ in rats is 6 mg/kg (oral). It combines with the amino acid serine at the active site of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase,^[7] an enzyme that deactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Neurotransmitters are needed to continue the passage of nerve impulses from one neuron to another across the synapse. Once the impulse has been transmitted, acetylcholinesterase functions to deactivate the acetylcholine almost immediately by breaking it down. If the enzyme is inhibited, acetylcholine accumulates and nerve impulses cannot be stopped, causing prolonged muscle contraction. Paralysis occurs and death may result since the respiratory muscles are affected.

DFP also inhibits some proteases. It is a useful additive for protein or cell isolation procedure.

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) was a nerve gas developed by the German during the Second World War. DFP irreversibly binds with the enzymes containing serine at the active site, e g. Serine proteases, acetylcholine esterase.

Production

Isoflurophate, the diisopropyl ester of fluorophosphoric acid, is made by reacting isopropyl alcohol with phosphorus trichloride, forming diisopropylphosphite, which is chlorinated and further reacted with sodium fluoride to replace the chlorine atom with fluorine, thus giving diisopropyl fluorophosphate.^[8]

Biochemistry

DFP is a diagnostic test for the presence of the active site Ser in serine proteases, as well as a serine protease inhibitor. PMSF and AEBSF are alternative, less toxic, but presumably also less reactive, reagents for these same applications. DFP and other analogous organophosphate neurotoxins are inactivated by the enzyme paraoxonase, which is present in widely varying levels in humans.

Society and culture

It is marketed under many brand names including Difluorophate, Diflupyl, Diflurphate, Dyflos, Dyphlos, Fluropryl, Fluostigmine, Neoglaucit.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b "Isofluorphate definition". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^ "Isoflurophate". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
^ Deshpande LS, Carter DS, Blair RE, DeLorenzo RJ (August 2010). "Development of a prolonged calcium plateau in hippocampal neurons in rats surviving status epilepticus induced by the organophosphate diisopropylfluorophosphate". Toxicological Sciences. 116 (2): 623–31. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq157. PMC 2905411. PMID 20498005.
^ Pessah IN, Rogawski MA, Tancredi DJ, Wulff H, Zolkowska D, Bruun DA, et al. (August 2016). "Models to identify treatments for the acute and persistent effects of seizure-inducing chemical threat agents". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1378 (1): 124–136. doi:10.1111/nyas.13137. PMC 5063690. PMID 27467073.
^ Kadriu B, Guidotti A, Costa E, Davis JM, Auta J (March 2011). "Acute imidazenil treatment after the onset of DFP-induced seizure is more effective and longer lasting than midazolam at preventing seizure activity and brain neuropathology". Toxicological Sciences. 120 (1): 136–45. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq356. PMID 21097996.
^ Phillips KF, Deshpande LS (January 2016). "Repeated low-dose organophosphate DFP exposure leads to the development of depression and cognitive impairment in a rat model of Gulf War Illness". Neurotoxicology. 52: 127–33. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.014. PMID 26619911.
^ Millard CB, Kryger G, Ordentlich A, Greenblatt HM, Harel M, Raves ML, et al. (June 1999). "Crystal structures of aged phosphonylated acetylcholinesterase: nerve agent reaction products at the atomic level". Biochemistry. 38 (22): 7032–9. doi:10.1021/bi982678l. PMID 10353814.
^ US patent 2409039, Hardy, Edgar E & Kosoloapoff, Gennady M, "Halogenated compounds and process for making same", issued 1946-10-08, assigned to Monsanto Chemical Company

External links

The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: DFP

[drugsIsofluorphate-1] "Isofluorphate definition". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.

[2] "Isoflurophate". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2022-10-30.

[3] Deshpande LS, Carter DS, Blair RE, DeLorenzo RJ (August 2010). "Development of a prolonged calcium plateau in hippocampal neurons in rats surviving status epilepticus induced by the organophosphate diisopropylfluorophosphate". Toxicological Sciences. 116 (2): 623–31. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq157. PMC 2905411. PMID 20498005.

[4] Pessah IN, Rogawski MA, Tancredi DJ, Wulff H, Zolkowska D, Bruun DA, et al. (August 2016). "Models to identify treatments for the acute and persistent effects of seizure-inducing chemical threat agents". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1378 (1): 124–136. doi:10.1111/nyas.13137. PMC 5063690. PMID 27467073.

[5] Kadriu B, Guidotti A, Costa E, Davis JM, Auta J (March 2011). "Acute imidazenil treatment after the onset of DFP-induced seizure is more effective and longer lasting than midazolam at preventing seizure activity and brain neuropathology". Toxicological Sciences. 120 (1): 136–45. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq356. PMID 21097996.

[6] Phillips KF, Deshpande LS (January 2016). "Repeated low-dose organophosphate DFP exposure leads to the development of depression and cognitive impairment in a rat model of Gulf War Illness". Neurotoxicology. 52: 127–33. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.014. PMID 26619911.

[7] Millard CB, Kryger G, Ordentlich A, Greenblatt HM, Harel M, Raves ML, et al. (June 1999). "Crystal structures of aged phosphonylated acetylcholinesterase: nerve agent reaction products at the atomic level". Biochemistry. 38 (22): 7032–9. doi:10.1021/bi982678l. PMID 10353814.

[8] US patent 2409039, Hardy, Edgar E & Kosoloapoff, Gennady M, "Halogenated compounds and process for making same", issued 1946-10-08, assigned to Monsanto Chemical Company

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