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Datar Kaur

Maharani Datar Kaur (born Bibi Raj Kaur Nakai; (c. 1784– 20 June 1838) was the queen consort of Maharaja Ranjit Singh,[8][9][10] the founder of the Sikh Empire and the mother of his successor, Maharaja Kharak Singh. She was the daughter of Sardar Ran Singh Nakai, third ruler of the Nakai Misl and Sardarni Karmo Kaur.

Datar Kaur
Maharani Sri Datar Kaur Mai Nakain Sahiba of Sarkar-i-Khalsa
Maharani consort of the Sikh Empire
Tenure12 April 1801 – 20 June 1838
PredecessorRaj Kaur
SuccessorChand Kaur
Sardarni of Sukerchakia Misl
TenureApril 1797 – 11 April 1801
PredecessorRaj Kaur
BornBibi Raj Kaur Nakai
c. 1784
Baherwal Kalan, Nakai Misl, Sikh Confederacy
(present-day Kasur District, Punjab, Pakistan)
Died20 June 1838 (aged 53–54)
Sheikhupura Fort, Sheikhupura, Punjab, Sikh Empire
(now Punjab, Pakistan)
Burial
Royal Garden, Lahore (Samadhi)
(present day Islamia College Civil Lines)[1]
SpouseMaharaja Ranjit Singh (m. 1797)[2][3]
IssueMaharaja Kharak Singh[4]
Kunwar Rattan Singh[5]
Kunwar Fateh Singh[6]
HouseNakai (by birth)
Sukerchakia (by marriage)
FatherSardar Ran Singh Nakai
MotherRani Karman Kaur[7]
ReligionSikhism

Datar Kaur was betrothed to Ranjit Singh in childhood; the Anand Karaj took place when the couple were still young. Though Ranjit Singh married several times for political reasons, Datar Kaur remained his favorite and most respected wife. He lovingly addressed her as Mai Nakain.

In 1801, she gave birth to Kharak Singh, the heir apparent of Ranjit Singh. She took an active interest in the affairs of the State and was given command during the Battle of Multan (1818) alongside her son, Kharak Singh. She was the grandmother of Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh (1821–1840) and aunt of Sardar Kahan Singh Nakai. Datar Kaur died on 20 June 1838 in her haveli in Sheikhupura.

Her Samadhi is located in the royal garden, now part of the grounds of Government Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore.

Family history

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Bibi Raj Kaur was born in Baherwal Kalan into the family of the ruling Nakai Sardars; Nakai Misl was founded by Sandhu Jats.

Raj Kaur was the youngest child and the only daughter of Sardar Ran Singh Nakai and his wife, Sardarni Karmo Kaur. She was the granddaughter of Sardar Natha Singh (d. 1768) brother of the legendary Heera Singh Sandhu (1706–1767), founder of the principality of Nakai Misl in 1748. She had three eldest brothers Sardar Bhagwan Singh, the fourth ruler of the Nakai Misl; Sardar Gyan Singh who became the fifth chief of the Nakais and Khazan Singh.

Her father, Ran Singh was the third and the most powerful ruler of Nakai Misl, a fierce warrior under whose leadership the misl was at its highest.[11] He was an ambitious man and had exceeded his rule to the taluqas of Bucheke, Chhanga Manga, 69km from Lahore, Chhichha, Devsal, Fatahpur, Jethupur, Kasur, Kharral fort of Kot Kamalia, Sharakpur, Gugera pargana, 5km to the west of the Ravi, and Shergarh.[11] He had fought repeatedly against Kamar Singh, the ruler of Syedwala. Sometime before his death, he defeated him and captured Syedwala.

Sardar Bhagwan Singh Nakai, 4th ruler of the Nakai Misl 
Sardar Bhagwan Singh Nakai, 4th ruler of the Nakai Misl

Ran Singh was succeeded by his eldest son Bhagwan Singh, he was unable to hold his territory against Wazir Singh, the brother of Kamar Singh and lost Syedwala to him. Bhagwan Singh realizing that he might lose all of his territory, in consultation with Karmo Kaur, set up the engagement of the infant Raj Kaur to the four-year-old Ranjit Singh in order to gain the powerful Maha Singh of the Sukerchakia Misl as an ally.[12][13] Wazir Singh tried to break off this match, but was unable to do so.[14] In an attempt to mislead her, Wazir Singh claimed that the Nakai Sandhu Jatts are superior to the Sukerchakias, but Karmo Kaur refused to break off the match and stated as Sikhs all were equal.[15]

Later in 1785, Maha Singh was facing attacks from Sardar Jai Singh Kanhaiya of the Kanhaiya Misl and called on Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh to aid him. After their victory against the Kanhaiyas, Maha Singh began to favor Wazir Singh, which started to affect his relationship with Bhagwan Singh.[16] Maha Singh tried to reconcile the differences between Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh, but they continued to engage in constant warfare and in 1789 the former was killed by Wazir Singh.[11][14][17]

Since Bhagwan Singh had no children, he was succeeded by his brother, Gyan Singh as the head of the Nakai Misl in 1789.[14][18] With the family's old enemy Wazir Singh being killed by Dal Singh, son of Heera Singh Sandhu, Gyan Singh had a relatively peaceful reign and was able to consolidate his power.[14]

Marriage

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Fresco from the Haveli of Maharani Datar Kaur, Sheikhpura Qila (fort), Punjab

Ranjit Singh sought for Raj Kaur Nakain's hand in marriage- as they were betrothed for quite some time.[14] He wanted to unite the Sikh Misls and consolidate his position as the head of the Sukerchakia Misl, as well as to re-establish Nakai and Sukerchakia relations.

Gyan Singh agreed for the nuptials of Raj Kaur and Ranjit Singh and the couple were wedded in 1792.[2] She is said to be only 12 at the time of her muklawa to the 16-year-old Ranjit Singh in 1797.[19][20] This marriage was the first political alliance of the Sukerchakia Misl and the Nakai Misl.

Though the nuptials of Datar Kaur and Ranjit Singh were arranged for political reasons, the two shared a close and loving relationship. Her known physical and personal attributes describe her as being as beautiful and virtuous Goddess Rati,[21] along with being vivacious, independent, artistic, intelligent. She was also very religious.[20][22] She is said to have been a patron of mystics and mendiants.[23]

Since Raj Kaur was the name of her mother-in-law, as well as Ranjit Singh's aunt the daughter of Charat Singh and Desan Kaur; To avoid confusion, the wife of Ranjit Singh, Raj Kaur Nakai was given the name "Datar" (ਦਾਤਾਰ) (داتار) which means 'Giver', due to her maternal gentleness and understanding in dealing with the wayward Ranjit Singh. He lovingly called Mai Nakain,[24][25] sometimes affectionately addressed her as Taare.[26] Datar Kaur brought sweetness and light into Ranjit Singh's life and provided for him a focus of interest in his home.[27][28] Even though Ranjit Singh had many marriages, Datar Kaur remained his favourite.[29]

She had significant influence over her husband, the royal family and the royal court.[30][31] There is no record of any friction or mutual differences between Datar Kaur or the other wives of Ranjit Singh, but there were instances of tension between her and Mehtab Kaur after the she bore Ranjit Singh's first child. This left Mehtab Kaur in a very difficult position as Datar was her junior. This also left Sada Kaur's plans to secure the future of her daughter and the Kanhaiyas in tatters.[28] Ranjit Singh and Mehtab Kaur's marriage was strained due to Mehtab never being able to forgive that her father was killed in battle with Ranjit Singh's father; and she mainly resided in Batala with her mother.[32]

In some historical accounts, mistakenly, marriage of Ranjit Singh has been mentioned with two daughters of Nakai Misl i.e. Raj Kaur and Datar Kaur. However, she was one and the same person.

Issue and descendants

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In 1801, she gave birth to Crown Prince Kharak Singh, the heir apparent of the Sikh Empire earning her the title of Ranjit Singh's queen consort.[8]

According to the pedigree table of the Lahore Royal Family she bore Ranjit Singh two other sons Rattan Singh[33][34][35] and Fateh Singh, who passed away in infancy.[6]

In 2020, Sandeep Singh Sukerchakia, 7th generation great-grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Maharani Datar Kaur from their son Rattan Singh, wrote a detailed letter to Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India insisting the inclusion of Punjabi Language in the New Jammu and Kashmir official Language Bill of 2020.[36][37]

Her other descendants include- Late Lt Gen Jagdishwar Singh Nakai who joined the Indian army just when the Second World War broke out and served in the Burma Campaign. He was later to see action in all subsequent wars of independent India till his retirement in 1979 after serving as the General Officer in Command, Central Command. Lt Gen Nakai was a recipient of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal. Former Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan), Sardar Arif Nakai and Pakistani politician, Sardar Asif Nakai are also the direct descendants of the Nakais.[citation needed]

Maharani of the Sikh Empire

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Fresco of Maharani Datar Kaur martially training her son, Kharak Singh

Datar Kaur took interest in political affairs, and her husband sought her advised in important stately matters. Even though she was his second wife she became his principal wife and chief consort.[38] On many different occasions, she served as her husband's ambassador; even acting as a political proxy for him.[39][40]

Mai Nakain took control of the Sheikhupura Fort when her six-year-old son, Kharak Singh had conquered it.[41] In 1811, she was officially granted the jagir of Sheikhupura by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.[42] Around the same time she started residing in the Sheikhupura Fort and held her own court.[43] She enjoyed hunting and often accompanied her husband on his hunting trips. Sheikhupura has a vicinity of good hunting places.

Since his birth, her son was the heir of Ranjit Singh and in 1816, Ranjit Singh crowned Kharak Singh as his heir apparent and anointed him "Tikka Kanwar" (Crown prince).[44][45] The same year she took over her son's training for 18 months for his Expedition of Multan.[46][47][48]

In 1818, she accompanied her son to the campaign of Multan as a commander to.[49] The Sikh Khalsa Army was under her command during the Battle of Multan (1818).[50][43]

She played a considerable role in popularizing handicrafts like Phulkari knitting and fine arts in Punjab.[43][51] Mai Nakain was also a patron of religious mystics and mendicants.[52]

Though Emily Eden never met the Maharani as she met the royal family of Lahore in November 1838 after the death of Mai Nakain. But her daughter in law, Chand Kaur describes her as being as auspicious and beautiful as Goddess Lakshmi,[53] along with being vivacious, independent, artistic, intelligent and religious.[54][55] Ranjit Singh described her as a chaste noble woman who filled his life with light and sweetness.[56]

She is said to have been a patron of mystics and mendiants.[57]

Sukerchakia-Nakai relationship

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Even though his favourite Rani was from the house of the Nakais, Ranjit Singh's relationship with the Nakais was somewhat rocky. Nakais did not find the alliance with Ranjit Singh much useful to them.[14]

After Ranjit Singh had declared himself the Maharaja of Punjab in 1801 he had kept consolidating majority of the Misls. The ambitious Maharaja had been eyeing the Nakai territory, but had spared it till the death of Sardar Gyan Singh in 1807. But soon after suggested Sardar Kahan Singh Nakai, who succeeded his father as the sixth chief of the Nakais to join the Lahore Darbar, which the proud newly crowned Nakai chief steadily refused to obligate. Finally, in 1811, Ranjit Singh sent Kharak Singh to annex all the Nakai territories; Sardar Kahan Singh came back from Multan to find his cousin Kharak Singh has taken over his misl. Diwan Hakim Rai, the administer of the Nakai Chief, immediately approached Ranjit Singh with the request that it was not proper for the Lahore forces to take military action against his nephew's misl. Sohan Lai Suri notes that the Maharaja, very politely, said "I have nothing to do in this matter, Kunwar Kharak Singh is the maternal grandson of the Nakais and only he knows as to what is to be done."

Before having his estates seized Kahan Singh was successful in conquering Pakpattan. Ranjit Singh granted Kahan Singh jagir at Baherwal while his brother-in-law, Khazan Singh was granted a jagir at Nankot. Sardar Kahan Singh continued to live in Baharwal and the Nakais remained loyal to Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Death

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Datar Kaur died in Sheikhupura on June 20, 1838. Sohan Lal Suri in Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, writes that both the Maharaja and Maharani returned from a hunting trip to Sheikhupura and fell ill. While Ranjit recovered, she died. Kharak Singh was inconsolable by the death of his mother.[58] The Royal Lahore Garden was chosen for her Samadhi, the site was chosen by Ranjit himself and Suri mentions for the first time he saw the Maharaja cry. Ranjit Singh wanted the finest for his wife, hence the Royal Garden was chosen and the ashes of Mai Nakain were placed.[59][60] It is also the resting place of her daughter-in-law, Maharani Chand Kaur and grand daughter-in-law, Sahib Kaur wife of Nau Nihal Singh. Today the site has become part of Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore grounds.

Claude Martin Wade had brought the Tripartite Treaty of 1838 to be signed at her funeral.[43]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تريخى پوتر تھاواں
  2. ^ a b Atwal, Priya (1 November 2020). "Royals and Rebels". doi:10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-754831-8. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Atwal, Priya (2020). Royals and Rebels:The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire. London: C. Hurst Limited. ISBN 9781787383081.
  4. ^ Lafont, Jean Marie (2002). Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Atlantic Publishers & Distri.
  5. ^ "Descendants of Maharaja Ranjit Singh stakes claim on Gobindgarh Fort". The Times of India. May 2015.
  6. ^ a b "Postscript: Maharaja Duleep Singh", Emperor of the Five Rivers, I.B.Tauris, 2017, doi:10.5040/9781350986220.0008, ISBN 978-1-78673-095-4, retrieved 20 October 2021
  7. ^ "History of the Sikh Misals".
  8. ^ a b Singh, Patwant; Rai, Jyoti M. (1 November 2008). Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Peter Owen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7206-1371-1.
  9. ^ Sood, D. R. (1981). Ranjit Singh. National Book Trust. OCLC 499465766.
  10. ^ Suri, Sohan Lal. Umdat Ul Tawarikh.
  11. ^ a b c History Of The Sikhs Vol. IV The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  12. ^ History Of The Sikh Misals. pp. 161–163. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Siṅgha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. pp. 161–162.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Griffin, Lepel Henry (1865). The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government. T.C. McCarthy.
  15. ^ Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 164.
  16. ^ Siṅgha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.
  17. ^ Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 165.
  18. ^ Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 165.
  19. ^ "Malik Tayyab Bhai Pheru, Phool Nagar". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  20. ^ a b Sheikh, Majid (25 April 2021). "Three Maharanis of the great Sikh Maharajahs". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  21. ^ Singh, Gurharpal (19 January 2023), "India, Pakistan and the Sikhs", Global Sikhs, London: Routledge, pp. 111–132, doi:10.4324/9781003281849-7, ISBN 978-1-003-28184-9, retrieved 21 December 2023
  22. ^ Atwal, Priya (15 January 2021). Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-756694-7.
  23. ^ Ross (C.I.E.), David (1883). The land of the five rivers and Sindh. Chapman and Hall.
  24. ^ Singh, Khushwant (24 March 2009). Ranjit Singh. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306543-2.
  25. ^ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1890). The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab. Civil and Military Gazette Press.
  26. ^ Journal of Sikh Studies. Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University. 2001.
  27. ^ Fakir, Syed Waheeduddin; Vaḥīduddīn, Faqīr Sayyid (1965). The Real Ranjit Singh. Lion Art Press.
  28. ^ a b Singh, Sarbpreet (2019). The Camel Merchant of Philadelphia: Stories from the Court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Tranquebar by Westland Publications Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-88689-47-2.
  29. ^ Tibbetts, Jann (30 July 2016). 50 Great Military Leaders of All Time. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-85505-66-9.
  30. ^ Duggal, Kartar Singh (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-410-3.
  31. ^ The Sikh Review. Sikh Cultural Centre. 1982.
  32. ^ Singh, Khushwant (24 March 2009). Ranjit Singh. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306543-2.
  33. ^ Mahanian Koharan Tehsil .Amritsar District .AmritsarState .Punjab. YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
  34. ^ Rana, Yudhvir (18 August 2021). "Seventh generation descendent of Maharaja Ranjit Singh writes to Imran". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  35. ^ Rana, Yudhvir (1 May 2015). "Descendants of Maharaja Ranjit Singh stakes claim on Gobindgarh Fort". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  36. ^ The Karmveer [@TheKarmveerD] (13 September 2020). "The 7th Generation directed descendent of Sher-I-Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh from his 2nd Wife Maharani Datar Kour through his second son Commandant Rattan Singh have written a detailed letter to PM Narendra Modi demanding inclusion of Punjabi Language in the New J&K" (Tweet). Retrieved 27 March 2022 – via Twitter.
  37. ^ Singh, Kanwal [@KanwalSinghJK] (24 October 2020). "@nagotrk @Jobanpr74737905 @DAkkhar @mkandharii The random link is to tell you about the seventh generation Descendant ie Sandeep Singh. This is the last page of the letter with complete address attached with his jagir. https://t.co/XVhKhhl5CA" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2022 – via Twitter.
  38. ^ Sood, D. R. (1968). Ranjit Singh. National Book Trust, India.
  39. ^ "Book Review: The Hidden History of Female Agency in the Sikh Empire". The Wire. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  40. ^ Atwal, Priya (1 November 2020). "Royals and Rebels". doi:10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-754831-8. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  41. ^ Atwal, Priya (15 January 2021). Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-756693-0.
  42. ^ Bansal, Bobby Singh (1 December 2015). Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-93-84544-93-5.
  43. ^ a b c d Atwal, Priya (15 January 2021). Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-756694-7.
  44. ^ Singh, Ranjit (2013). Golden Crystal. Unistar Books. ISBN 978-93-5113-048-2.
  45. ^ Maharaja Kharak Singh, June 27, 1839-November 5, 1840: Select Records Preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1977.
  46. ^ Singh, Karnail (2005). Fragments of Half a Century. Institute of Sikh Studies. ISBN 978-81-85815-25-1.
  47. ^ The Panjab Past and Present. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1980.
  48. ^ Singh, Karnail (1984). Winston Churchill's Account of Anglo-Sikh Wars and Its In-side Tale. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee.
  49. ^ Siṅgha, Bhagata (1990). Maharaja Ranjit Singh and His Times. Sehgal Publishers Service. ISBN 978-81-85477-01-5.
  50. ^ Thandi, Shinder S. (1 January 2013), ""Shady Character, Hidden Designs, and Masked Faces": Reflections on 'Vilayati' Sikh Marriages and Discourses of Abuse", Sikh Diaspora, BRILL, pp. 231–259, doi:10.1163/9789004257238_012, ISBN 9789004257238, retrieved 28 August 2021
  51. ^ Duggal, Kartar Singh (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-410-3.
  52. ^ Ross, David (1883). The land of the five rivers and Sindh. Chapman and Hall.
  53. ^ Singh, Gurharpal (19 January 2023), "India, Pakistan and the Sikhs", Global Sikhs, London: Routledge, pp. 111–132, doi:10.4324/9781003281849-7, ISBN 978-1-003-28184-9, retrieved 21 December 2023
  54. ^ Sheikh, Majid (25 April 2021). "Three Maharanis of the great Sikh Maharajahs". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  55. ^ Atwal, Priya (15 January 2021). Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-756694-7.
  56. ^ Singh, Sarbpreet (26 June 2023). The Camel Merchant of Philadelphia: Stories from the Court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5708-133-7.
  57. ^ Ross (C.I.E.), David (1883). The land of the five rivers and Sindh. Chapman and Hall.
  58. ^ Archives, India (Republic) National (1977). Maharaja Kharak Singh, June 27, 1839-November 5, 1840: Select Records Preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University.
  59. ^ Sheikh, Majid (25 April 2021). "Three Maharanis of the great Sikh Maharajahs". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  60. ^ Qaiṣar, Iqbāl (1998). پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تواريخى پوتر تھاواں (in Punjabi). Punjabi History Board.

Notes

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  • Suri, Sohan Lal, Umddt ut-Twarikh. Lahore, 1885–89.
  • Ganda Singh, ed., Maharaja Ranjit Singh (First Death Centenary Memorial Volume)
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